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      Cilioretinal Arteries and Cilioretinal Veins in Eyes with Pathologic Myopia

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          Abstract

          We investigated the clinical characteristics of cilioretinal arteries (CAs) and cilioretinal veins (CVs) in eyes with pathologic myopia. Ninety-five eyes with pathologic myopia and CAs were studied. The retrobulbar vessels from which the CAs originated were identified by indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). The results showed that 114 CAs were identified in the 95 eyes. ICGA showed that 60% of the CAs branched directly off the short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCAs) and 40% originated from the Zinn-Haller arterial circle (ZHAC). The SPCA-derived CAs tended to be located superiorly and served a large retinal area whereas the ZHAC-associated CAs tended to be located temporally and served mainly the macular area. In 15% of the 95 eyes, the CVs were observed to run parallel to the CAs. The CVs exited the eye at the same point where the CAs entered the eye. This study showed that CAs in eyes with pathologic myopia can be divided into those that are SPCA-derived and tend to emerge in the superior optic disc sector, and those that are ZHAC-associated and usually emerge temporally. An elongating peripapillary scleral flange in eyes with progressive axial myopia may lead to a change of chorioretinal vascular system.

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          Progression of Myopic Maculopathy during 18-Year Follow-up

          Xian Xu, Takeshi Yoshida, Tomoka Ishida … (2018)
          Article 0 comments Cited 72 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Optic disc pit: a review.

            Ilias Georgalas, Petros Petrou, Gerasimos Georgopoulos … (2011)
            Since Wiethe first described the clinical presentation of two optic disc depressions in a 62-year-old woman in 1882, there have been many studies addressing what later become known as the "optic disc pit." The main complication of this condition, termed optic disc pit maculopathy, is associated with visual deterioration. Treatment of optic disc pit maculopathy remains challenging. Here we review the body of literature that documents the clinical findings, pathophysiology, histology, main complications, treatment options, special features and presentations, and differential diagnosis of optic disc pit. The source of the intraretinal fluid in optic disc pit maculopathy remains controversial. Four possible sources of this fluid have been proposed: fluid from the vitreous cavity; cerebrospinal fluid originating from the subarachnoid space; fluid from leaky blood vessels at the base of the pit; and fluid from the orbital space surrounding the dura. Optic disc pits are a very rare clinical entity, affecting approximately one in 11,000 people. Patients with congenital optic disc pit sometimes remain asymptomatic, but 25% to 75% present with visual deterioration in their 30s or 40s after developing macular schisis and detachment. The most widely accepted treatment for such patients is a surgical approach involving pars plana vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane peeling, with or without endolaser photocoagulation and C3F8 endotamponade.
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              Clinical implications of peripapillary atrophy in glaucoma.

              Jost Jonas (2005)
              To elucidate peripapillary atrophy in glaucomatous optic neuropathy; its ranking in the morphologic diagnosis of the glaucoma, and its value for the differentiation of various types of chronic open-angle glaucoma, for the separation of glaucomatous eyes from nonglaucomatous eyes, and for the detection of progression of glaucoma. Recent studies showed an association of peripapillary atrophy with glaucoma and the eventual development of glaucomatous disc hemorrhages independent of a small neuroretinal rim area, and an association between increasing peripapillary atrophy and progressive glaucoma. A ranking of optic disc parameters to detect glaucomatous damage revealed that the alpha and beta zones of peripapillary atrophy, compared with neuroretinal rim parameters, are less useful. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome without glaucoma is not a risk factor for peripapillary atrophy. In arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, peripapillary atrophy does not enlarge. Peripapillary atrophy does not differ markedly between Europeans and South Indians. In contrast to the position of the central retinal vessel trunk, the presence and position of cilioretinal arteries do not markedly influence the progression of peripapillary atrophy in glaucoma. Peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy is one among several morphologic variables to detect glaucomatous abnormalities. Ranking optic disc variables for the detection of glaucomatous optic nerve damage, peripapillary atrophy is a variable of second order. It is useful for the differentiation of various types of chronic open-angle glaucomas. In contrast to glaucomatous eyes, eyes with nonglaucomatous optic nerve atrophy, including eyes after arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, do not show an enlarged peripapillary atrophy.
              Article 0 comments Cited 39 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kyoko Ohno-Matsui: k.ohno.oph@tmd.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 February 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 February 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2451
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1014 9130, GRID grid.265073.5, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, , Tokyo Medical and Dental University, ; Tokyo, Japan
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation Tama-Nanbu Chiiki Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
                [3 ]GRID grid.416337.4, Department of Ophthalmology, , Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, ; Tokyo, Japan
                [4 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Seegartenklinik Heidelberg, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-5227
                Article
                Publisher ID: 38616
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38616-5
                PMC ID: 6384956
                PubMed ID: 30792400
                SO-VID: 1332848c-c5de-4371-a784-4e1c055c9a9d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 5 July 2018
                Date accepted : 4 January 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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