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      Modification of photosynthesis and growth responses to elevated CO 2 by ozone in two cultivars of winter wheat with different years of release

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          Abstract

          The beneficial effects of elevated CO 2 on plants are expected to be compromised by the negative effects posed by other global changes. However, little is known about ozone (O 3)-induced modulation of elevated CO 2 response in plants with differential sensitivity to O 3. An old ( Triticum aestivum cv. Beijing 6, O 3 tolerant) and a modern ( T. aestivum cv. Zhongmai 9, O 3 sensitive) winter wheat cultivar were exposed to elevated CO 2 (714 ppm) and/or O 3 (72 ppb, for 7h d –1) in open-topped chambers for 21 d. Plant responses to treatments were assessed by visible leaf symptoms, simultaneous measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence, in vivo biochemical properties, and growth. It was found that elevated CO 2 resulted in higher growth stimulation in the modern cultivar attributed to a higher energy capture and electron transport rate compared with the old cultivar. Exposure to O 3 caused a greater growth reduction in the modern cultivar due to higher O 3 uptake and a greater loss of photosystem II efficiency (mature leaf) and mesophyll cell activity (young leaf) than in the old cultivar. Elevated CO 2 completely protected both cultivars against the deleterious effects of O 3 under elevated CO 2 and O 3. The modern cultivar showed a greater relative loss of elevated CO 2-induced growth stimulation due to higher O 3 uptake and greater O 3-induced photoinhibition than the old cultivar at elevated CO 2 and O 3. Our findings suggest that the elevated CO 2-induced growth stimulation in the modern cultivar attributed to higher energy capture and electron transport rate can be compromised by its higher O 3 uptake and greater O 3-induced photoinhibition under elevated CO 2 and O 3 exposure.

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          Most cited references14

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          Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations.

          Model projections suggest that although increased temperature and decreased soil moisture will act to reduce global crop yields by 2050, the direct fertilization effect of rising carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) will offset these losses. The CO2 fertilization factors used in models to project future yields were derived from enclosure studies conducted approximately 20 years ago. Free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) technology has now facilitated large-scale trials of the major grain crops at elevated [CO2] under fully open-air field conditions. In those trials, elevated [CO2] enhanced yield by approximately 50% less than in enclosure studies. This casts serious doubt on projections that rising [CO2] will fully offset losses due to climate change.
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            Targets for crop biotechnology in a future high-CO2 and high-O3 world.

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              The Sequence of Change within the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Wheat following Short-Term Exposure to Ozone.

              The basis of inhibition of photosynthesis by single acute O(3) exposures was investigated in vivo using analyses based on leaf gas exchange measurements. The fully expanded second leaves of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv Avalon) were fumigated with either 200 or 400 nanomoles per mole O(3) for between 4 and 16 hours. This reduced significantly the light-saturated rate of CO(2) uptake and was accompanied by a parallel decrease in stomatal conductance. However, the stomatal limitation, estimated from the relationship between CO(2) uptake and the internal CO(2) concentration, only increased significantly during the first 8 hours of exposure to 400 nanomoles per mole O(3); no significant increase occurred for any of the other treatments. Analysis of the response of CO(2) uptake to the internal CO(2) concentration implied that the predominant factor responsible for the reduction in light-saturated CO(2) uptake was a decrease in the efficiency of carboxylation. This was 58 and 21% of the control value after 16 hours at 200 and 400 nanomoles per mole O(3), respectively. At saturating concentrations of CO(2), photosynthesis was inhibited by no more than 22% after 16 hours, indicating that the capacity for regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate was less susceptible to O(3). Ozone fumigations also had a less pronounced effect on light-limited photosynthesis. The maximum quantum yield of CO(2) uptake and the quantum yield of oxygen evolution showed no significant decline after 16 hours with 200 nanomoles per mole O(3), requiring 8 hours at 400 nanomoles per mole O(3) before a significant reduction occurred. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II estimated from the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence and the atrazine-binding capacity of isolated thylakoids demonstrated that photochemical reactions were not responsible for the initial inhibition of CO(2) uptake. The results suggest that the apparent carboxylation efficiency appears to be the initial cause of decline in photosynthesis in vivo following acute O(3) fumigation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Exp Bot
                J. Exp. Bot
                jexbot
                jexbot
                Journal of Experimental Botany
                Oxford University Press (UK )
                0022-0957
                1460-2431
                April 2013
                1 February 2013
                1 February 2013
                : 64
                : 6
                : 1485-1496
                Affiliations
                1State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 20 Nanxincun, 100093, Beijing, PR China
                2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A0C6, Canada
                3State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61, Daizong Avenue, 271018, Tai’an, PR China
                Author notes
                * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jianggm@ 123456126.com
                Article
                10.1093/jxb/ert005
                3617821
                23378379
                135ce385-e720-4f98-9bfa-3d31a3bc0723
                © 2013 The Authors.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 12
                Categories
                Research Paper

                Plant science & Botany
                elevated co2,in vivo biochemical parameters,ozone,photosynthesis,relative growth rate,stomatal conductance,tritium aestivum l.,winter wheat.

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