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      Development of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy following Chalazion Removal with Intralesional Triamcinolone Injection: A Case Report

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          Abstract

          We report a case of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) that developed 1 month after an intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide that was administered during removal of a chalazion. The subretinal fluid and ipsilateral visual acuity (VA) worsened with initial observation. The edema resolved with verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) 1 month after diagnosis, but VA did not improve during short-term follow-up. We conclude that CSC can occur as a complication of low-dose intrapalpebral corticosteroid administration and provide another example of the therapeutic role of PDT in the management of this disease.

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          Central serous chorioretinopathy.

          Maria Wang, Inger Munch, Pascal Hasler … (2008)
          Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disease of the retina characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina secondary to one or more focal lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). CSC occurs most frequently in mid-life and more often in men than in women. Major symptoms are blurred vision, usually in one eye only and perceived typically by the patient as a dark spot in the centre of the visual field with associated micropsia and metamorphopsia. Normal vision often recurs spontaneously within a few months. The condition can be precipitated by psychosocial stress and hypercortisolism. Ophthalmoscopic signs of CSC range from mono- or paucifocal RPE lesions with prominent elevation of the neurosensory retina by clear fluid - typical of cases of recent onset - to shallow detachments overlying large patches of irregularly depigmented RPE. The spectrum of lesions includes RPE detachments. Granular or fibrinous material may accumulate in the subretinal cavity. Serous detachment often resolves spontaneously. From first contact, counselling about the potential relation to stress and glucocorticoid medication is warranted. After 3 months without resolution of acute CSC or in chronic CSC, treatment should be considered. Resolution of detachment can usually be achieved in acute CSC by focal photocoagulation of leaking RPE lesions or, in chronic CSC, by photodynamic therapy. The effect of therapy on long-term visual outcome is insufficiently documented. Reattachment within 4 months of onset is considered a relevant therapeutic target because prolonged detachment is associated with photoreceptor atrophy. This suggests that the value of treatment depends upon proper selection of cases that will not resolve without therapy. Chronic CSC may be difficult to differentiate from occult choroidal neovascularization secondary to CSC. Patients with chronic CSC who receive glucocorticoid treatment for systemic disease can often be managed without having to discontinue this medication.
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            Central serous chorioretinopathy: an update on pathogenesis and treatment.

            S. Jong, A Lotery, M Gemenetzi (2010)
            Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a chorioretinal disease, incompletely understood with systemic associations, a multifactorial aetiology, and a complex pathogenesis. Increased permeability from the choriocapillaris leads to focal or diffuse dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium causing a detachment of the neurosensory retina. CSC has been described in patients with endogenously high levels of corticosteroids as well as in patients with hypercortisolism due to the treatment of ocular or systemic diseases. It is therefore the only 'inflammatory' choroiditis, not proven to be associated with infection that is precipitated or worsened by glucocorticoids. Foveal attenuation, chronic macular oedema, and damage of the foveal photoreceptor layer have been reported as causes of visual loss in CSC. Photoreceptor atrophy in the fovea, despite successful retinal reattachment, typically occurs after a duration of symptoms of approximately 4 months. Treatment should therefore be considered after 3 months if there is angiographic evidence of ongoing foveal leakage in recurrent chronic CSC or in a single CSC episode accompanied by signs of chronic CSC alterations. Based on results of trials conducted so far, it appears that photodynamic therapy with verteporfin is effective and safer than argon laser treatment and should be considered as the treatment of choice, whereas micropulse diode laser photocoagulation seems to be an effective alternative. Glucocorticoid inhibitors are an interesting alternative treatment. Clinical trials are ongoing to test their efficacy. In addition, it is important, where possible, to discontinue any corticosteroid treatment. The possible association of CSC with stress should also be discussed with patients.
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              Review and update of central serous chorioretinopathy.

              Q Mohamed, Brian Ross, J.B. Alexander Ross (2011)
              Greater understanding of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) has changed initial beliefs that CSCR is a benign condition affecting young men with almost complete resolution. CSCR has a spectrum of presentations with more diffuse retinal dysfunction and variations between races. CSCR can affect older individuals and in a subset of patients may lead to significant ocular morbidity. Advances in imaging, particularly in indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography, have led to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition. Treatments for CSCR are still evolving, in particular photodynamic dynamic therapy using lower doses and reduced fluence showing promising results. More research is required on ideal dosage. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment offers a new medical treatment modality with promising results. There have been recent imaging developments in addition to therapeutic advances for refractory CSCR.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): COP
                Journal ID (pmc): COP
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1663-2699
                Title: Case Reports in Ophthalmology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Electronic): 1663-2699
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2018
                Publication date Collection: September – December 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 September 2018
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 416-420
                Affiliations
                Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
                Author notes
                *Luca Rosignoli, BS, University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610 (USA), E-Mail lmrosignoli@gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 492714 Pmcid ID: PMC6180267 Other ID: Case Rep Ophthalmol 2018;9:416–420
                DOI: 10.1159/000492714
                PMC ID: PMC6180267
                PubMed ID: 30323759
                SO-VID: 135d0d19-4475-4743-b06d-3fc771303eaa
                Copyright © © 2018 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 22 May 2018
                Date accepted : 06 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences,Ophthalmology & Optometry,Pathology
                Keywords: Risk factors,Photodynamic therapy,Retinopathy,Eyelid,Choroid
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences, Ophthalmology & Optometry, Pathology
                Keywords: Risk factors, Photodynamic therapy, Retinopathy, Eyelid, Choroid

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