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      COVID-19 concern in cyberspace predicts human reduced dispersal in the real world: Meta-regression analysis of time series relationships across U.S. states and 115 countries/territories ☆

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          Abstract

          Built upon the parasite-stress theory of sociality and the behavioral immune system theory, this research examined how concern about COVID-19 in cyberspace (i.e. online search volume for corona, coronavirus, covid-19, etc.) would predict human reduced dispersal in the real world (i.e. Google's COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports) between January 05, 2020 and May 22, 2021, accounting for COVID-19 cases per million, case fatality rate, death-thought accessibility, government stringency index, yearly trends, season, religious holiday, and serial autocorrelation. Meta-regressions analyzing the results of multiple regressions on weekly-level data showed that when people had higher levels of COVID-19 concern in cyberspace in a given week, the amount of time people spent at home increased from the previous week across U.S. states (Study 1) and 115 countries/territories (Study 2). Across studies, the association between COVID-19 concern and stay-at-home behavior was stronger in areas of higher levels of infectious-disease contagion risks. Compared with actual coronavirus threat, COVID-19 concern in cyberspace had a significantly larger effect on predicting human reduced dispersal in the real world, suggesting that online query data have an invaluable implication for predicting large-scale behavioral changes in response to life-threatening events in the real world and are indispensable for COVID-19 surveillance systems.

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          Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis

          Robert Verity, Lucy C Okell, Ilaria Dorigatti … (2020)
          Summary Background In the face of rapidly changing data, a range of case fatality ratio estimates for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been produced that differ substantially in magnitude. We aimed to provide robust estimates, accounting for censoring and ascertainment biases. Methods We collected individual-case data for patients who died from COVID-19 in Hubei, mainland China (reported by national and provincial health commissions to Feb 8, 2020), and for cases outside of mainland China (from government or ministry of health websites and media reports for 37 countries, as well as Hong Kong and Macau, until Feb 25, 2020). These individual-case data were used to estimate the time between onset of symptoms and outcome (death or discharge from hospital). We next obtained age-stratified estimates of the case fatality ratio by relating the aggregate distribution of cases to the observed cumulative deaths in China, assuming a constant attack rate by age and adjusting for demography and age-based and location-based under-ascertainment. We also estimated the case fatality ratio from individual line-list data on 1334 cases identified outside of mainland China. Using data on the prevalence of PCR-confirmed cases in international residents repatriated from China, we obtained age-stratified estimates of the infection fatality ratio. Furthermore, data on age-stratified severity in a subset of 3665 cases from China were used to estimate the proportion of infected individuals who are likely to require hospitalisation. Findings Using data on 24 deaths that occurred in mainland China and 165 recoveries outside of China, we estimated the mean duration from onset of symptoms to death to be 17·8 days (95% credible interval [CrI] 16·9–19·2) and to hospital discharge to be 24·7 days (22·9–28·1). In all laboratory confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases from mainland China (n=70 117), we estimated a crude case fatality ratio (adjusted for censoring) of 3·67% (95% CrI 3·56–3·80). However, after further adjusting for demography and under-ascertainment, we obtained a best estimate of the case fatality ratio in China of 1·38% (1·23–1·53), with substantially higher ratios in older age groups (0·32% [0·27–0·38] in those aged <60 years vs 6·4% [5·7–7·2] in those aged ≥60 years), up to 13·4% (11·2–15·9) in those aged 80 years or older. Estimates of case fatality ratio from international cases stratified by age were consistent with those from China (parametric estimate 1·4% [0·4–3·5] in those aged <60 years [n=360] and 4·5% [1·8–11·1] in those aged ≥60 years [n=151]). Our estimated overall infection fatality ratio for China was 0·66% (0·39–1·33), with an increasing profile with age. Similarly, estimates of the proportion of infected individuals likely to be hospitalised increased with age up to a maximum of 18·4% (11·0–7·6) in those aged 80 years or older. Interpretation These early estimates give an indication of the fatality ratio across the spectrum of COVID-19 disease and show a strong age gradient in risk of death. Funding UK Medical Research Council.
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            Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs.

            Michael K. Lindell, David J. Whitney (2001)
            Article 0 comments Cited 927 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Predicting the Present with Google Trends

              HYUNYOUNG CHOI, Hal R Varian (2012)
              Article 0 comments Cited 307 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Comput Human Behav
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Comput Human Behav
                Title: Computers in Human Behavior
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0747-5632
                ISSN (Electronic): 0747-5632
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 October 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 October 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 107059
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0747-5632(21)00382-4 Publisher ID: 107059
                DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107059
                PMC ID: 8514451
                SO-VID: 13617d52-ebd8-4ceb-a322-fad1502040af
                Copyright © © 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 25 June 2021
                Date revision received : 14 September 2021
                Date accepted : 13 October 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: covid-19,google trends,parasite-stress theory of sociality,behavioral immune system theory,time series data,reduced dispersal
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, google trends, parasite-stress theory of sociality, behavioral immune system theory, time series data, reduced dispersal

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