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      Short-term effects of video gaming on brain response during working memory performance

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          Abstract

          Breaks filled with different break activities often interrupt cognitive performance in everyday life. Previous studies have reported that both enhancing and deteriorating effects on challenging ongoing tasks such as working memory updating, depend on the type of break activity. However, neural mechanisms of these break-related alterations in working memory performance have not been studied, to date. Therefore, we conducted a brain imaging study to identify the neurobiological correlates of effects on the n-back working memory task related to different break activities. Before performing the n-back task in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner, young adults were exposed to break activities in the MRI scanner involving ( i) eyes-open resting, ( ii) listening to music, and ( iii) playing the video game “Angry Birds”. Heart rate was measured by a pulse oximeter during the experiment. We found that increased heart rate during gaming as well as decreased relaxation levels after a video gaming break was related to poorer n-back task performance, as compared to listening to music. On the neural level, video gaming reduced supplementary motor area activation during working memory performance. These results may indicate that video gaming during a break may affect working memory performance by interfering with arousal state and frontal cognitive control functions.

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          Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions.

          Music is a universal feature of human societies, partly owing to its power to evoke strong emotions and influence moods. During the past decade, the investigation of the neural correlates of music-evoked emotions has been invaluable for the understanding of human emotion. Functional neuroimaging studies on music and emotion show that music can modulate activity in brain structures that are known to be crucially involved in emotion, such as the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, hippocampus, insula, cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. The potential of music to modulate activity in these structures has important implications for the use of music in the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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            The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings

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              Music and spatial task performance.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 October 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 10
                : e0223666
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany
                [2 ] Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
                [3 ] Excellence Cluster NeuroCure, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
                [4 ] Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                [5 ] Social and Preventive Medicine, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
                [6 ] Department of Education and Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
                Georgia State University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Article
                PONE-D-19-06332
                10.1371/journal.pone.0223666
                6786602
                31600305
                136b66ef-68cc-4ced-9412-179d3ddcd067
                © 2019 Liu et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 March 2019
                : 25 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002860, China Sponsorship Council;
                Award ID: 201208080013
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006211, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin;
                Award ID: Humboldt Postdoctoral Scholarship
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: FOR 1617
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: FOR 1617 - RA1047/2-2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: FOR 1617 - 1971/1-2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: SPP 1772 - RA1047/4-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: SPP 1772 - HE7464/1-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;
                Award ID: 01EE1406A
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;
                Award ID: 01EE1406I
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: SPP 1772 - RA1047/4-2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: SPP 1772 - HE 7464/1-2
                Award Recipient :
                This research was supported by the China Scholarship Council (grant 201208080013 to SL), the Humboldt Postdoctoral Scholarship (grant to SL), the German Research Foundation (grant FOR 1617 to AH and subproject grant RA1047/2-2 to MAR and SCHA 1971/1-2 to DJS; grant SPP 1772, subproject grant RA1047/4-1 and RA1047/4-2 to MAR and HE7464/1-1 and HE7464/1-2 to SH), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 01EE1406A to AH and grant 01EE1406I to MAR). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Social Sciences
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Custom metadata
                We uploaded anonymized data sets of behavioral and fMRI data together with the scripts for data analyses to the open science framework. In order to allow replication of study findings, we also included the first level fMRI data (models of each individual participant). Data and scripts for analyses are uploaded to the publically accessible open science framework homepage: https://osf.io/ed8xm/.

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