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      Abordaje no farmacológico del dolor en pediatría desde la perspectiva de enfermería: aplicación de materiales audiovisuales y buzzy® Translated title: Non-pharmacological approach to pain in pediatrics from the nursing perspective: qpplication of audiovisual materials and buzzy®

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo. Evaluacion del abordaje multidisciplinario del dolor pediátrico. Metodo. Revisión sistemática de la bibliografía más actualizada acerca del tema en los buscadores médicos Pubmed, Cuiden, Scielo, Cochrane Library y Cinahl. Aplicando en los motores de búsqueda los términos: “Pain Assessment”, “Pain Measurement” “Pain Management” “Nonpharmacologic treatment”, realizando una acotación a aquellos artículos escritos en castellano e inglés y con fecha de publicación posterior a enero de 2015. Resultados y Discusión. Se ha tratado la identificación de la intensidad del dolor que requiere de un abordaje complejo y no existe un método de evaluación que se muestre superior a otro. Parece por tanto adecuado la aplicación de la combinación del autoregistro por parte del paciente siempre que sea posible, la familia y la aplicación de escalas de aplicación sistematizada por parte de personal cualificado para ello. Para la aplicación de las escalas parece conveniente la utilización según la validación de estas en determinados grupos de pacientes y lo familiarizado que este el personal encargado de registrarlas. El tratamiento farmacológico está siendo desarrollado amplia y eficazmente como medida complementaria a las formas habituales de tratamiento del dolor. Estas medidas en su mayoría de las veces por su fácil aplicación, escaso coste y casi nulo riesgo de iatrogenia se están implementando en la mayoría de las unidades de atención pediátrica. Esta aplicación de medidas exige de la creatividad y capacitación continua del personal que las lleve a cabo y de una correcta evaluación del dolor en cada momento de la asistencia. Conclusión. El control del dolor y la ansiedad que asocia son un desafío de abordaje multidisciplinar en el que la enfermería cumple un gran papel, desde su posición tanto de realizadora de la gran mayoría de procedimientos que pueden desencadenarlo como desde la aplicación de las medidas no farmacológicas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective. Evaluation of the multidisciplinary approach to pediatric pain. Method. Systematic review of the most up-to-date bibliography on the subject in the medical search engines Pubmed, Cuiden, Scielo, Cochrane Library and Cinahl. Applying in the search engines the terms: “Pain Assessment”, “Pain Measurement” “Pain Management” “Nonpharmacologic treatment”, making a limitation to those articles written in Spanish and English and with a publication date after January 2015. Results and Discussion. The identification of the intensity of pain that requires a complex approach has been discussed and there is no evaluation method that is superior to another. Therefore, the application of the combination of self-registration by the patient whenever possible, the family, and the application of systematized application scales by qualified personnel seems appropriate. For the application of the scales, it seems advisable to use them according to their validation in certain groups of patients and how familiar the personnel in charge of registering them are. Pharmacological treatment is being widely and effectively developed as a complementary measure to the usual forms of pain management. These measures, mostly due to their easy application, low cost and almost zero risk of iatrogenesis, are being implemented in most pediatric care units. This application of measures requires the creativity and continuous training of the personnel who carry them out and a correct assessment of pain at each moment of assistance. Conclusion. The control of pain and associated anxiety are a multidisciplinary approach challenge in which nursing plays a great role, both from its position as the director of the vast majority of procedures that can trigger it and from the application of non-functional measures. pharmacological.

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          The Kyoto protocol of IASP Basic Pain Terminology.

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            The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment.

            Difficulty with pain assessment in individuals who cannot self-report their pain poses a significant barrier to effective pain management. However, available assessment tools lack consistent reliability as pain measures in children with cognitive impairment (CI). This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the revised and individualized Face Legs Activity Cry and Consolability (FLACC) behavioral pain assessment tool in children with CI. Children with CI scheduled for elective surgery were studied. The FLACC was revised to include specific descriptors and parent-identified, unique behaviors for individual children. The child's ability to self-report pain was evaluated. Postoperatively, two nurses scored pain using the revised FLACC scale before and after analgesic administration, and, children self-reported a pain score, if able. Observations were videotaped and later viewed by experienced nurses blinded to analgesic administration. Eighty observations were recorded in 52 children aged 4-19 years. Twenty-one parents added individualized pain behaviors to the revised FLACC. Interrater reliability was supported by excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC, ranging from 0.76 to 0.90) and adequate kappa statistics (0.44-0.57). Criterion validity was supported by the correlations between FLACC, parent, and child scores (rho = 0.65-0.87; P < 0.001). Construct validity was demonstrated by the decrease in FLACC scores following analgesic administration (6.1 +/- 2.6 vs 1.9 +/- 2.7; P < 0.001). Findings support the reliability and validity of the FLACC as a measure of pain in children with CI.
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              Immersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain

              Children must often endure painful procedures as part of their treatment for various medical conditions. Those with chronic pain endure frequent or constant discomfort in their daily lives, sometimes severely limiting their physical capacities. With the advent of affordable consumer-grade equipment, clinicians have access to a promising and engaging intervention for pediatric pain, both acute and chronic. In addition to providing relief from acute and procedural pain, virtual reality (VR) may also help to provide a corrective psychological and physiological environment to facilitate rehabilitation for pediatric patients suffering from chronic pain. The special qualities of VR such as presence, interactivity, customization, social interaction, and embodiment allow it to be accepted by children and adolescents and incorporated successfully into their existing medical therapies. However, the powerful and transformative nature of many VR experiences may also pose some risks and should be utilized with caution. In this paper, we review recent literature in pediatric virtual reality for procedural pain and anxiety, acute and chronic pain, and some rehabilitation applications. We also discuss the practical considerations of using VR in pediatric care, and offer specific suggestions and information for clinicians wishing to adopt these engaging therapies into their daily clinical practice.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 7
                : 951-967
                Affiliations
                [2] Almansa orgnameHospital General de Almansa España
                [3] Montiel orgnameCS La Osa Montiel España
                [1] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Clinico Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza España
                [4] orgnameUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha Spain
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000700951 S2529-850X(21)00600700951
                10.19230/jonnpr.3997
                13738587-2262-4e2b-a2f4-a79bb1424331

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 March 2021
                : 21 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original

                non-pharmacological pain treatment,tratamiento no farmacológico del dolor,Manejo del dolor por enfermeria,Medición dolor,Evaluación dolor,Nursing pain management,Pain measurement,Pain evaluation

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