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      Uso de traçador salino para avaliação da colmatação e das condições hidrodinâmicas em sistemas alagados construídos de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial Translated title: Saline tracer use for clogging and hydrodynamic evaluations in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands

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          Abstract

          RESUMO A colmatação é um fenômeno intrínseco aos sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) utilizados no tratamento de esgotos, sendo decorrente dos mecanismos de remoção de poluentes. Dentre os métodos disponíveis para a avaliação da colmatação, destaca-se o uso de traçadores para a obtenção das condições hidrodinâmicas dos SACs. No entanto, não há um traçador ideal; os salinos, por exemplo, são passíveis de absorção, mecanismo influenciado pelo estádio no qual a planta se apresenta. Assim, objetivou-se, com a realização do trabalho, avaliar a utilização do NaCl para caracterização do grau de colmatação e das condições hidrodinâmicas de SACs de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial, plantado e não plantado, verificar a confiabilidade do uso desse traçador em testes executados durante o estádio de crescimento (após o corte da parte aérea) e o florescimento da taboa (Typha latifolia), além da suscetibilidade de causar danos às plantas. Os resultados indicaram que o NaCl pode ser utilizado para estudos de comparação do grau de colmatação de SACs, inclusive não apresentando danos à taboa. Verificou-se que, após sete anos de operação, a unidade plantada encontra-se mais colmatada e com regime de escoamento mais turbulento. Também foi possível inferir que o corte das plantas propiciou aumento na dispersão no sistema.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Clogging is an intrinsic phenomenon of constructed wetland systems (CWs) used in sewage treatment, and resulting from pollutant removal mechanisms. Among clogging evaluation methods, tracers may be highlighted since they can used to determine CW hydrodynamic conditions. However, there is no ideal tracer; saline ones, for example, are able to be absorbed, which is influenced by plant stage. Thus, this study aimed to assess the use of NaCl to characterize the clogging degree and hydrodynamic conditions in subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland, with or without cropping, as well as check this tracer reliability under tests during southern cattail (Typha latifolia) growth stage (after shoot cutting) and flourishing, as well as its ability to damage the plants. The results showed that NaCl could be used for studies comparing the degree of clogging of CWs, aside from presenting no damage to cattail. It was found that after seven years operating, cropped area is further clogged and has more turbulent flow. It was also possible to infer that plant cuttings led to increased dispersion within the system.

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          Chemical Reaction Engineering

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            Root based approaches to improving nitrogen use efficiency in plants.

            In the majority of agricultural growing regions, crop production is highly dependent on the supply of exogenous nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Traditionally, this dependency and the use of N-fertilizers to restore N depleted soils has been rewarded with increased plant health and yields. In recent years, increased competition for non-renewable fossil fuel reserves has directly elevated prices of N-fertilizers and the cost of agricultural production worldwide. Furthermore, N-fertilizer based pollution is becoming a serious issue for many regions where agriculture is highly concentrated. To help minimize the N footprint associated with agricultural production there is significant interest at the plant level to develop technologies which can allow economically viable production while using less applied N. To complement recent reviews examining N utilization efficiency in agricultural plants, this review will explore those strategies operating specifically at the root level, which may directly contribute to improved N use efficiencies in agricultural crops such as cereals, where the majority of N-fertilizers are used and lost to the environment. Root specific phenotypes that will be addressed in the context of improvements to N acquisition and assimilation efficiencies include: root morphology; root to shoot ratios; root vigour, root length density; and root N transport and metabolism.
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              Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands?

              H. Brix (1997)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                eagri
                Engenharia Agrícola
                Eng. Agríc.
                Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola
                1809-4430
                December 2015
                : 35
                : 6
                : 1137-1148
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Lavras Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                Article
                S0100-69162015000601137
                10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v35n6p1137-1148/2015
                13745c23-dea6-4f6f-b6bc-e59b7d221c96

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-6916&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

                Agricultural engineering
                cloreto de sódio,eficiência volumétrica,esgotos,obstrução,plantas,wetlands construídos,sodium chloride,volumetric efficiency,sewage,clogging,plants,constructed wetlands

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