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      Social sciences research in the Central European city of Wrocław: A density-equalizing mapping analysis

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      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Background

          The city of Wrocław in Poland represents one of Central Europeans oldest capitals of science with numerous Nobel laureates. Due to a long history of political suppressions with Nazi Germany and Communism from 1933 until 1989, its scientific community was suppressed for more than half a century.

          Methods

          The present study assessed scientific activities in the field of social and neighbouring sciences using density equalizing mapping. On the basis of the NewQIS (New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science) platform and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) of the Web of Science database, a total of 1787 articles originating from Wrocław were identified between 1966 and 2017.

          Results

          In total, 549 research collaborations of Wrocław with 96 different countries were present (30.7%). Among the 107 research areas the highest activity was found for the field of Business and Economics with n = 272 articles (average citation rate (AVR) of 12.54), followed by Psychology (n = 252 articles, AVR = 9.06), Psychiatry (n = 205 articles, AVR = 4.74) and Public, Environmental and Occupational Health (n = 145 articles, AVR = 7.96). The highest AVR was found for Operations Research (25.36 with n = 87 articles). Density equalizing mapping procedures revealed a global pattern of social sciences research collaborations with scientists from Germany, the UK and the US as the primary cooperating partner of Wrocław. The different countries had major differences in the area of research collaborations.

          Conclusions

          This is the first study that depicts the global network of Wrocław scientific activities in the field of social sciences. The exorbitant increase in research activity from 2006 onwards can lead to the assumption that Wrocław social sciences encounter a fruitful future.

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          Most cited references35

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          The rate of growth in scientific publication and the decline in coverage provided by Science Citation Index

          Peder Larsen, Markus von Ins (2010)
          The growth rate of scientific publication has been studied from 1907 to 2007 using available data from a number of literature databases, including Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Traditional scientific publishing, that is publication in peer-reviewed journals, is still increasing although there are big differences between fields. There are no indications that the growth rate has decreased in the last 50 years. At the same time publication using new channels, for example conference proceedings, open archives and home pages, is growing fast. The growth rate for SCI up to 2007 is smaller than for comparable databases. This means that SCI was covering a decreasing part of the traditional scientific literature. There are also clear indications that the coverage by SCI is especially low in some of the scientific areas with the highest growth rate, including computer science and engineering sciences. The role of conference proceedings, open access archives and publications published on the net is increasing, especially in scientific fields with high growth rates, but this has only partially been reflected in the databases. The new publication channels challenge the use of the big databases in measurements of scientific productivity or output and of the growth rate of science. Because of the declining coverage and this challenge it is problematic that SCI has been used and is used as the dominant source for science indicators based on publication and citation numbers. The limited data available for social sciences show that the growth rate in SSCI was remarkably low and indicate that the coverage by SSCI was declining over time. National Science Indicators from Thomson Reuters is based solely on SCI, SSCI and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). Therefore the declining coverage of the citation databases problematizes the use of this source.
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            Diffusion-based method for producing density equalizing maps

            , (2004)
            Map makers have long searched for a way to construct cartograms -- maps in which the sizes of geographic regions such as countries or provinces appear in proportion to their population or some other analogous property. Such maps are invaluable for the representation of census results, election returns, disease incidence, and many other kinds of human data. Unfortunately, in order to scale regions and still have them fit together, one is normally forced to distort the regions' shapes, potentially resulting in maps that are difficult to read. Many methods for making cartograms have been proposed, some of them extremely complex, but all suffer either from this lack of readability or from other pathologies, like overlapping regions or strong dependence on the choice of coordinate axes. Here we present a new technique based on ideas borrowed from elementary physics that suffers none of these drawbacks. Our method is conceptually simple and produces useful, elegant, and easily readable maps. We illustrate the method with applications to the results of the 2000 US presidential election, lung cancer cases in the State of New York, and the geographical distribution of stories appearing in the news.
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              Influenza: a scientometric and density-equalizing analysis

              Ralph Fricke, Stefanie Uibel, Doris Klingelhoefer … (2013)
              Background Novel influenza in 2009 caused by H1N1, as well as the seasonal influenza, still are a challenge for the public health sectors worldwide. An increasing number of publications referring to this infectious disease make it difficult to distinguish relevant research output. The current study used scientometric indices for a detailed investigation on influenza related research activity and the method of density equalizing mapping to make the differences of the overall research worldwide obvious. The aim of the study was to compare scientific effort over the time as well as geographical distribution including the cooperation on national and international level. Methods Therefore, publication data was retrieved from Web of Science (WoS) of Thomson Scientific. Subsequently the data was analysed in order to show geographical distributions and the development of the research output over the time. The query retrieved 51,418 publications that are listed in WoS for the time interval from 1900 to 2009. There is a continuous increase in research output and general citation activity especially since 1990. Results The identified all in all 51,418 publications were published by researchers from 151 different countries. Scientists from the USA participate in more than 37 percent of all publications, followed by researchers from the UK and Germany with more than five percent. In addition, the USA is in the focus of international cooperation. In terms of number of publications on influenza, the Journal of Virology ranks first, followed by Vaccine and Virology. The highest impact factor (IF 2009) in this selection can be established for The Lancet (30.75). Robert Webster seems to be the most prolific author contributing the most publications in the field of influenza. Conclusions This study reveals an increasing and wide research interest in influenza. Nevertheless, citation based-declaration of scientific quality should be considered critically due to distortion by self-citation and co-authorship.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                David A. Groneberg:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-6556
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Wolfgang Glanzel: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 October 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0205094
                Affiliations
                [1 ] The Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
                KU Leuven, BELGIUM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-6556
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-01194
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205094
                PMC ID: 6200210
                PubMed ID: 30356275
                SO-VID: 137b0184-5a65-42c6-911f-1e9ebc0b50ab
                Copyright © © 2018 David A. Groneberg
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 12 January 2018
                Date accepted : 22 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 14
                Funding
                The author received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Social Research
                Subject: Science Policy
                Subject: Science and Technology Workforce
                Subject: Careers in Research
                Subject: Scientists
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Professions
                Subject: Scientists
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Assessment
                Subject: Citation Analysis
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Economics
                Subject: Health Economics
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Health Economics
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Bibliometric data underlying the study were collected from the Web of Science database and are owned by Clarivate Analytics. Any researcher with access to the Web of Science database may recreate the data set using the methods described in the paper. Researchers who do not have access to Web of Science should contact Clarivate Analytics to obtain a license. As per Clarivate Analytic terms of use, the authors may also be able to provide limited access to data, subject their agreement.

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