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      Rehabilitación vestibular en la dependencia visual y somatosensorial Translated title: Vestibular rehabilitation for visual and somatosensory dependency

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: En la disfunción vestibular crónica es frecuente que se incremente el mareo o el desequilibrio con el propio movimiento o con el de un ambiente visual sobrecargado, lo que se denomina dependencia visual, que forma parte del síndrome de vértigo/mareo inducido visualmente. En otras ocasiones, la dependencia es somatosensorial y el paciente pierde con facilidad el equilibrio al alterarse la superficie de soporte. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las características de la dependencia visual y somatosensorial y el modo de tratarlas. Material y métodos: Revisión narrativa. Resultados: El vértigo visual se diagnostica clínicamente a través de los síntomas referidos por el paciente. Mediante la exposición a estímulos desencadenantes, el sistema nervioso central se habitúa, incrementando la tolerancia. El tratamiento utilizado se basa en la terapia física, la realidad virtual y la estimulación optocinética progresiva. Conclusiones: Aunque sigue siendo tema de discusión la naturaleza de las entradas visuales que determinan la estabilidad postural, el objetivo terapéutico consiste en desensibilizar al individuo del estímulo visual para mejorar su sintomatología.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: In the patient with chronic vestibular dysfunction, it is very frequent to note more imbalance or dizziness produced by its own movement or the overloaded visual environment; this is called also visual dependence that is part of the visual vertigo syndrome. In other cases, like somatosensory dependence, the patient will lose balance easily when the support surface changes. The objective of this review was to describe the visual and somatosensory dependence patterns as well as how to treat them. Material and methods: Narrative review. Results: Visual vertigo is currently a clinical diagnosis based on the patient's history of disease presentation. Through repeated exposure to trigger stimuli, the central nervous system is able to increase tolerance and improve functional results. Traditional treatments for this disorder involve vestibular rehabilitation therapy, virtual reality simulators of moving objects, as well as graded exposure to optokinetic stimulation. Conclusions: Although the real nature of the visual cues for posture stabilization remains an open debate, the goal of therapy is to promote desensitization to visual stimuli and increase tolerance.

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          Validity and reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance.

          Impaired standing balance has a detrimental effect on a person's functional ability and increases their risk of falling. There is currently no validated system which can precisely quantify center of pressure (COP), an important component of standing balance, while being inexpensive, portable and widely available. The Wii Balance Board (WBB) fits these criteria, and we examined its validity in comparison with the 'gold standard'-a laboratory-grade force platform (FP). Thirty subjects without lower limb pathology performed a combination of single and double leg standing balance tests with eyes open or closed on two separate occasions. Data from the WBB were acquired using a laptop computer. The test-retest reliability for COP path length for each of the testing devices, including a comparison of the WBB and FP data, was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman plots (BAP) and minimum detectable change (MDC). Both devices exhibited good to excellent COP path length test-retest reliability within-device (ICC=0.66-0.94) and between-device (ICC=0.77-0.89) on all testing protocols. Examination of the BAP revealed no relationship between the difference and the mean in any test, however the MDC values for the WBB did exceed those of the FP in three of the four tests. These findings suggest that the WBB is a valid tool for assessing standing balance. Given that the WBB is portable, widely available and a fraction of the cost of a FP, it could provide the average clinician with a standing balance assessment tool suitable for the clinical setting. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Classification of vestibular symptoms: towards an international classification of vestibular disorders.

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              Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy: Review of Indications, Mechanisms, and Key Exercises

              Vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) is an exercise-based treatment program designed to promote vestibular adaptation and substitution. The goals of VRT are 1) to enhance gaze stability, 2) to enhance postural stability, 3) to improve vertigo, and 4) to improve activities of daily living. VRT facilitates vestibular recovery mechanisms: vestibular adaptation, substitution by the other eye-movement systems, substitution by vision, somatosensory cues, other postural strategies, and habituation. The key exercises for VRT are head-eye movements with various body postures and activities, and maintaining balance with a reduced support base with various orientations of the head and trunk, while performing various upper-extremity tasks, repeating the movements provoking vertigo, and exposing patients gradually to various sensory and motor environments. VRT is indicated for any stable but poorly compensated vestibular lesion, regardless of the patient's age, the cause, and symptom duration and intensity. Vestibular suppressants, visual and somatosensory deprivation, immobilization, old age, concurrent central lesions, and long recovery from symptoms, but there is no difference in the final outcome. As long as exercises are performed several times every day, even brief periods of exercise are sufficient to facilitate vestibular recovery. Here the authors review the mechanisms and the key exercises for each of the VRT goals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                March 2020
                : 11
                : 1
                : 79-88
                Affiliations
                [1] Valladolid orgnameSACYL orgdiv1Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid orgdiv2Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y CCF España
                Article
                S2444-79862020000100008 S2444-7986(20)01100100008
                10.14201/orl.21241
                13913336-9661-4830-9fa8-e216513fce1f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 August 2019
                : 26 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                postural stability,vestibular rehabilitation,equilibrio,vértigo visual,rehabilitación vestibular,dependencia visual,habituación,visual dependence,habituation,estabilidad postural,visual vertigo

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