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      An Unusual Case of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

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          Abstract

          Approximately 340 patients are diagnosed with renal cell cancer (RCC) in Ireland each year. Metastatic spread to the lung, lymph nodes and bones is common. Metastatic spread to the gastrointestinal tract, including the small bowel, is a rare phenomenon. Therapeutic advances have led to an improved overall survival in RCC and, as a result, unusual sites of metastatic spread are becoming more common. We present the case of a 68-year-old gentleman presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding as a result of metastases to the duodenum from renal cell carcinoma.

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          Most cited references8

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          Distribution of metastatic sites in renal cell carcinoma: a population-based analysis.

          We assessed the distribution of site-specific metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) according to age. Moreover, we evaluated recommendations proposed by guidelines and focused specifically on bone and brain metastases. Patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC) were abstracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998-2007). Age was stratified into four groups: <55, 55-64, 65-74 and ≥ 75 years. Cochran-Armitage trend test and multivariable logistic regression analysis tested the relationship between age and the rate of multiple metastatic sites. Finally, we examined the rates of brain or bone metastases according to the presence of other metastatic sites. In 11,157 mRCC patients, the rate of multiple metastatic sites decreased with increasing age (P < 0.001). This phenomenon was confirmed in patients with lung, bone, liver and brain metastases (all P ≤ 0.01). The rate of bone metastases was 10% in patients with exclusive abdominal metastases and 49% in patients with abdominal, thoracic and brain metastases. The rate of brain metastases was 2% in patients with exclusive abdominal metastases and 16% in patients with thoracic and bone metastases. The proportion of patients with multiple metastatic sites is higher in young patients. The rates of bone (10%-49%) and brain (2%-16%) metastases are nonnegligible in mRCC patients.
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            Venous thromboembolism and cancer: risks and outcomes.

            Cancer and its treatments are well-recognized risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Evidence suggests that the absolute risk depends on the tumor type, the stage or extent of the cancer, and treatment with antineoplastic agents. Furthermore, age, surgery, immobilization, and other comorbid features will also influence the overall likelihood of thrombotic complications, as they do in patients without cancer. The role of hereditary thrombophilia in patients with cancer and thrombosis is still unclear, and screening for this condition in cancer patients is not indicated. The most common malignancies associated with thrombosis are those of the breast, colon, and lung, reflecting the prevalence of these malignancies in the general population. When adjusted for disease prevalence, the cancers most strongly associated with thrombotic complications are those of the pancreas, ovary, and brain. Idiopathic thrombosis can be the first manifestation of an occult malignancy. However, intensive screening for cancer in patients with VTE often does not improve survival and is not generally warranted. Independently of the timing of cancer diagnosis (before or after the VTE), the life expectancy of cancer patients with VTE is relatively short, because of both deaths from recurrent VTE and the cancer itself. Patients with cancer and acute VTE who take anticoagulants for an extended period are at increased risk of recurrent VTE and bleeding. A recent randomized trial, the Randomized Comparison of Low Molecular Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for Long-Term Anticoagulation in Cancer Patients with Venous Thromboembolism (CLOT) study, showed that low molecular weight heparin may be a better treatment option for this group of patients. The antineoplastic effects of anticoagulants are being actively investigated with promising preliminary results.
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              Aspirin alters the cardioprotective effects of the factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism.

              The mechanism underlying decreased risk for myocardial infarction in carriers of the Leu34 polymorphism of the factor (F) XIII A-subunit is unclear. Given that acetylation of fibrinogen by aspirin can alter its clotting properties and the presence of fibrin stimulates thrombin-mediated activation of FXIII, we have tested the hypothesis that treatment with aspirin differentially modulates the influence of the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism on its activation in vivo. The rates of the disappearance of FXIIIA chain and the appearance of its activated form (FXIIIAa) in sequential 30-second blood samples collected at the site of microvascular injury were compared in 14 healthy carriers of the Leu34 allele and 23 Val34 homozygotes both before and after a 7-day aspirin ingestion (75 mg/d), with the use of quantitative Western blotting. The presence of the Leu34 allele was associated with a significant increase in the maximum rate of FXIII activation by thrombin. Although the Leu34-positive and -negative subjects were similar with respect to aspirin-related impairment of thrombin generation, aspirin led to a more pronounced inhibition of the activation of FXIII in the Leu34 carriers as compared with the Val34 homozygotes. Inhibition of FXIII activation by aspirin is enhanced in the Leu34 carriers in vivo, suggesting that these subjects might benefit more than the Leu34-negative subjects from the reduction in risk for myocardial infarction with low-dose aspirin.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                CRO
                CRO
                10.1159/issn.1662-6575
                Case Reports in Oncology
                S. Karger AG
                1662-6575
                2020
                May – August 2020
                26 June 2020
                : 13
                : 2
                : 738-741
                Affiliations
                [_a] aDepartment of Medical Oncology, Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
                [_b] bDepartment of Histopathology, Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
                Author notes
                *Niamh Peters, Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital Wilton, IE– Cork (Ireland), niamhpeters27@gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5570-6703
                Article
                507982 PMC7383188 Case Rep Oncol 2020;13:738–741
                10.1159/000507982
                PMC7383188
                32774268
                1399e7a8-82a5-4e1f-b988-c5a7fb68d059
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel

                This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 16 April 2020
                : 17 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Pages: 4
                Categories
                Case Report

                Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Obstetrics & Gynecology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine,Hematology
                Renal cell cancer,Small intestine metastases

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