Suicides of Punjabi hawkers in 19 th - and early 20 th -century Australia

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Abstract

Background:

During the late nineteenth century, a considerable number of young Punjabi men sought their fortunes in the Australian colonies, working as hawkers and farm labor. While in Australia they experienced marginalization and high levels of racial vilification by the Anglo-Celtic settler community.

Aims:

To assess the frequency and nature of suicides of Punjabi workers in nineteenth century Australia.

Materials and Methods:

The paper draws on archival sources and contemporary newspaper reports.

Results:

A wide range of methods of suicides were observed, with drowning the preferred method.

Conclusions:

This article is the first to collate the data on the suicides and suicide attempts by young Punjabi men working in an immigration country. It can be shown that the suicide rate among Punjabi was almost six times higher than that of the host community.

Related collections

Most cited references 38

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The authors review the available empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and health. This research indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status. However, the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measurement of discrimination, research designs, and inattention to the way in which the association between discrimination and health unfolds over the life course. Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrimination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which discrimination can lead to changes in health.

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Prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among migrants (i.e. refugees, labor migrants) vary among studies and it's been found that prevalence rates of depression and anxiety may be linked to financial strain in the country of immigration. Our aim is to review studies on prevalence rates of depression and/or anxiety (acknowledging that Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is within that class of disorders), and to evaluate associations between the Gross National Product (GNP) of the immigration country as a moderating factor for depression, anxiety and PTSD among migrants. We carried out a systematic literature review in the databases MEDLINE and EMBASE for population based studies published from 1990 to 2007 reporting prevalence rates of depression and/or anxiety and or PTSD according to DSM- or ICD- criteria in adults, and a calculation of combined estimates for proportions using the DerSimonian-Laird estimation. A total of 348 records were retrieved with 37 publications on 35 populations meeting our inclusion criteria. 35 studies were included in the final evaluation. Our meta-analysis shows that the combined prevalence rates for depression were 20 percent among labor migrants vs. 44 percent among refugees; for anxiety the combined estimates were 21 percent among labor migrants vs. 40 percent among (n=24,051) refugees. Higher GNP in the country of immigration was related to lower symptom prevalence of depression and/or anxiety in labor migrants but not in refugees. We conclude that depression and/or anxiety in labor migrants and refugees require separate consideration, and that better economic conditions in the host country reflected by a higher GNP appear to be related to better mental health in labor migrants but not in refugees.

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David Kuo, Fong Tsai (1986)

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Psychiatry

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Psychiatry

Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPsy

Title: Indian Journal of Psychiatry

Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )

ISSN (Print): 0019-5545

ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3794

Publication date (Print): 2019

Volume: 61

Issue: 4

Pages: 347-351

Affiliations

[1]Institute for Land, Water and Society – Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Prof. Dirk H. R. Spennemann, Institute for Land, Water and Society – Charles Sturt University, P. O. Box: 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia. E-mail: dspennemann@ 123456csu.edu.au

Article

Publisher ID: IJPsy-61-347

DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_379_17

PMC ID: 6657551

SO-VID: 13c5a1f4-08e5-4736-a559-0b9a36b39d3f

License:

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