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      清髓剂量预处理异基因造血干细胞移植治疗年龄≥55岁高危恶性血液系统疾病12例临床分析 Translated title: Clinical studies of myeloablative dose conditioning prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of 12 patients over 55 years with high-risk malignant blood diseases

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          高龄恶性血液系统疾病患者对化疗反应差、缓解率低、复发率高,且治疗过程中合并症多、治疗相关死亡率高,复杂染色体核型、继发原因等高危因素多[1]。异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)是有效的治疗手段,但是移植相关死亡率(TRM)高。我们采用清髓剂量预处理方案对12例年龄≥55岁高危恶性血液系统疾病患者进行allo-HSCT,现报告如下。 病例与方法 1.病例:2012年8月至2014年10月在我中心接受allo-HSCT的55岁以上高危恶性血液系统疾病患者12例。男6例,女6例,中位年龄59(55~64)岁。所有患者诊断参照文献[1]–[2]标准,疾病类型包括:急性白血病10例,其中急性髓系白血病(AML)8例,T/髓系急性混合细胞白血病2例;骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)2例,1例为难治性血细胞减少伴有多系发育异常(RCMD),1例为难治性贫血伴有原始细胞过多-Ⅰ型(RAEB-Ⅰ)。移植前疾病状态:6例为完全缓解(CR),其中5例为第1次完全缓解期(CR1),1例为第2次完全缓解期(CR2);4例为未缓解(NR),移植前原始细胞比例中位数为0.260(0.155~0.875);1例为MDS-RCMD伴骨髓纤维化。移植前中位病程6(3~60)个月。采用造血干细胞移植合并症指数(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation comorbidity index, HCT-CI)评分系统[3]评估移植前合并症。12例患者具体临床资料见表1。 表1 12例接受清髓剂量预处理异基因造血干细胞移植患者基本临床资料及供受者特征 例号 性别 年龄(岁) 疾病类型 分子生物学改变 染色体核型 移植前病程(月) 移植前疾病状态 移植前骨髓原始细胞比例 供者类型 供者性别 供受者血型 1 男 56 AML-M5 MLL-PTD 46,XY 6 CR1 0.010 MSD 女 B供AB 2 女 56 AML-M5 MLL-AF9、TET2 t(9;11),−7,+8,−5 3 NR 0.155 MSD 男 B供B 3 女 57 AML-M2 无 t(3;3),t(16;21),−21 6 CR1 0.020 MSD 女 B供B 4 男 60 AML-M2 TET2、FLT3-ITD、NPM1 47,XY,+8 12 NR 0.875 MSD 女 A供B 5 男 56 AML-M2 无 46,XY 4 CR1 0.030 Halpo-D 男 O供O 6 男 59 AML-M2 BCR-ABL P190 46,XY,t(9;22) 23 CR2 0.250 MUD 男 O供O 7 女 55 MDS-RCMD伴骨髓纤维化 无 46,XX,20q− 60 RCMD 0.030 MSD 女 AB供A 8 女 59 AML-M2 WT1基因 46,XX,del(7)(q22) 8 NR 0.220 Haplo-D 女 B供B 9 女 58 T/髓系MPAL 无 46,XX 24 NR 0.290 Haplo-D 女 A供O 10 男 62 T/髓系MPAL NOTCH1、IDH1、DNMT3 46,XY 5 CR1 0.010 MUD 男 A供O 11 男 61 MDS-RAEB-Ⅰ ASX1 46,XY 5 RAEB-Ⅰ 0.084 MSD 女 O供A 12 女 64 AML-M0 EVI-6 del(5) 5 CR1 0.040 Haplo-D 女 A供A 注:AML:急性髓系白血病;MDS:骨髓增生异常综合征;MPAL:急性混合细胞白血病;RCMD:多系发育异常;RAEB-Ⅰ:难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多Ⅰ型;CR1:第1次完全缓解;CR2:第2次完全缓解;NR:未缓解;MSD:同胞全相合供者;MUD:相合无关供者;Haplo-D:单倍型供者;MRD:微小残留疾病 2.预处理方案:10例采用清髓剂量BU/CY±ATG或BU/Flu±ATG为基础的预处理方案,具体为:白消安每次0.8 mg/kg(持续2 h),静脉滴注,每6 h 1次,−9或−8~−6 d,总量9.6~12.8 mg/kg;氟达拉滨30 mg·m−2·d−1,静脉输注,−6~−2d,总量150 mg/m2或环磷酰胺1.5 g·m−2·d−1(持续2 h),静脉滴注,−5~−4 d,总量3 g/m2;抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG) 5 mg·kg−1·d−1,静脉输注(持续10 h),−5~−2 d,总量200 mg/kg(德国费森尤斯公司产品)。其中4例患者(例1、9、11、12)基于存在表观遗传学基因突变或MDS转化AML的考虑,在预处理前3~5 d接受了地西他滨(20 mg·m−2·d−1,静脉输注持续2 h,−14~−10 d,总量100 mg/m2)+阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)(1~2 g·m−2·d−1,静脉输注持续2 h,−14~−10 d,总量10 g/m2)的桥接化疗;2例(例4、5)难治复发患者接受了安丫啶(100 mg·m−2·d−1,静脉输注持续2 h,−13~−10 d,总量400 mg/m2)+ Ara-C (2 g·m−2·d−1静脉输注持续2 h,−13~−10 d,总量8 g/m2)的桥接化疗(表2)。2例采用清髓剂量全身照射(TBI)[例2总量800 cGy(每次200 cGy,共4次);例6总量1 000 cGy(每次200 cGy,共5次)]+氟达拉滨(用法同前)为基础的预处理方案。 表2 12例患者预处理特征、移植情况及转归 例号 HCT-CI 预处理方案 预处理相关不良反应程度 回输MNC计数(×108/kg) 回输CD34+细胞数(×106/kg) 粒细胞植活时间(d) 血小板植活时间(d) aGVHD cGVHD 随访时间(月) 生存情况 1 1 DAC、Ara-C、BU、减量Cy Ⅰ度 10.1 5.1 14 9 Ⅰ度 局限型 40 存活 2 2 Flu、Ara-C、TBI、Cy、Vp16 Ⅱ度 10.0 3.9 14 8 无 局限型 36 存活 3 4 Ara-C、BU、Flu、Vp16、ATG Ⅱ度 7.0 3.7 16 16 Ⅰ度 局限型 36 存活 4 1 安丫啶、Ara-C、BU、Flu Ⅱ度 6.9 2.4 13 11 无 无 2 死亡 5 2 安丫啶、Ara-C、BU、Flu、ATG Ⅳ度 7.2 5.6 13 12 无 无 1 死亡 6 4 Ara-C、Flu、TBI、ATG Ⅱ度 5.0 1.0 21 植入不良 Ⅳ度 无 2 死亡 7 4 BU、Flu、ATG Ⅳ度 9.9 5.0 17 8 Ⅰ度 局限型 23 存活 8 0 Ara-C、IDA、BU、Flu、ATG Ⅱ度 13.3 2.9 11 11 Ⅳ度 局限型 8 死亡 9 1 DAC、Ara-C、BU、Flu、ATG Ⅱ度 12.4 2.9 14 21 无 无 21 存活 10 2 Ara-C、BU、Flu、ATG Ⅳ度 5.1 3.5 13 26 Ⅰ度 局限型 19 存活 11 0 DAC、Ara-C、BU、Flu、ATG Ⅱ度 4.6 1.5 11 14 Ⅱ度 无 15 存活 12 1 DAC、Ara-C、BU、Flu、ATG Ⅱ度 9.0 7.6 13 18 Ⅰ度 无 14 存活 注:HCT-CI:造血干细胞移植合并症指数;DAC:地西他滨;Ara-C:阿糖胞苷;Bu:白消安;Cy:环磷酰胺;Flu氟达拉滨;TBI:全身照射;ATG:抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白;Vp16:依托泊苷;IDA:去甲氧柔红霉素;aGVHD:急性移植物抗宿主病;cGVHD:慢性移植物抗宿主病 3.不良反应评价:采用美国国立癌症研究所的CTCAE 4.0标准(http://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/CTCAE_4.03_2010-06-14_QuickReference_5x7.pdf)评估预处理放化疗相关不良反应。 4.供者干细胞动员和移植物采集:供者接受G-CSF 7.5~10 µg/kg动员5 d,对单倍型供者(Haplo-D),第4天采集骨髓,第5天采集外周血干细胞(PBSC);对无关供者(MUD),第5天采集PBSC。若干细胞数量采集不足,则于第6天继续采集以补足。输注的单个核细胞(MNC)中位数为8.1(4.6~13.3)×108/kg,CD34+细胞中位数为3.6(1.0~7.6)×106/kg。 5.移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的预防和治疗:GVHD的预防采用环孢素A或他克莫司(FK506)−9 d开始至干细胞植活后胃肠道功能恢复改为口服,浓度维持在正常范围;霉酚酸酯−9 d开始0.5 mg,每12 h 1次,若无急性GVHD (aGVHD)发生,干细胞植活后用量减半,+30 d停药;短程甲氨蝶呤15 mg·m−2·d−1,+1 d;10 mg·m−2·d−1,+3、+5、+11 d。 6.造血重建及嵌合率监测:连续3 d中性粒细胞计数(ANC)≥0.5 × 109/L,脱离血小板输注,连续7 d PLT≥20 × 109/L,为达到植入指标。采用STR基因位点和性染色体基因位点AMEL的DNA测序分析对造血功能重建后患者进行供受者嵌合情况的检测。 结果 1.预处理放化疗相关不良反应:3例患者预处理期间出现了Ⅳ度不良反应(HCT-CI指数分别为2、2、4),经对症处理后均好转;Ⅱ度8例,Ⅰ度1例。 2.造血功能重建及嵌合率监测:12例患者均顺利植活,粒细胞中位植活时间为14(11~21) d,血小板中位植活时间13(7~20) d。1例患者(例6)由于输注CD34+细胞数低,出现移植物功能不良,需要间断输注血小板。其他患者均脱离血制品输注。12例患者在移植后24(18~28) d进行供受者嵌合率的检测均为100%供者型。之后每2~3个月监测1次均为100%供者型,无一例继发植入失败。 3.GVHD及移植相关并发症:GVHD发生情况见表2, 3例(例6、8、11)出现Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD。1例(例8)挽救性移植患者在移植后3个月先后输注3次CIK细胞,输注1次G-CSF动员的供者淋巴细胞(G-DLI) 0.2×109/L预防复发,G-DLI后1个月先后出现皮肤、肠道、肝脏、肺部GVHD,先后给予FK506、甲泼尼龙、吗替麦考酚酯、CD25单抗、间充质干细胞后无效,死于G-DLI诱发的Ⅳ度aGVHD。6例cGVHD(均为局限型)。移植相关并发症见表2。 4.疗效和随访:中位随访时间为17(1~40)个月。12例患者中8例存活并且无病生存,4例死亡。5例挽救性移植患者中2例死亡(例4直接死于复发,例8死于G-DLI后诱发的Ⅳ度aGVHD);6例CR患者中2例死亡(例5死于毛细血管渗漏综合征,例6死于感染性休克)。 讨论 减低强度(RIC)和非清髓(NST)预处理方案的不断改进,大大减低了TRM,使得年龄不再是allo-HSCT的禁忌[4]。但是低的TRM往往伴随着高的复发率,无病生存(DFS)率并没有提高,特别是难治复发的高龄恶性血液系统疾病患者总体DFS率极低[5]–[6]。HCT-CI的不断完善,使得它成为移植前预测TRM和DFS率的重要指标及选择预处理方案的重要依据,在患者HCT-CI低的情况下,清髓预处理方案可以提高DFS率[7]。这提示一定的预处理强度对于清除肿瘤细胞十分必要,保持强度的同时降低其不良反应,以便提高总生存(OS)和DFS率。故此有人提出了减低毒性清髓性预处理(RTC)这一概念[8]–[9],比如应用清髓剂量的静脉输注的BU/Flu组合,取代BU/CY中的环磷酰胺[10]。早期de Lima等[11]报道的采用Flu-BU预处理allo-HSCT治疗96例AML和MDS患者的结果,1年非复发死亡率(NRM)仅为3%,在后续研究中Andersson等[12]比较了BU/Flu+ATG(67例)与+ ATG(148例)两种不同预处理方案的移植结果,RTC方案中NRM明显降低,CR1期的患者3年OS率明显增加。而在另一项研究中比较了RIC、RTC、MAC(BU/CY+Ara-C)三种不同预处理方案,对于进展期患者,RIC组的OS率最差(10%),RTC和MAC组相似(33%对32%)。由此可见,对于进展期的患者,保持一定强度的预处理方案非常有必要。Slack等[13]采用FBM-A(氟达拉滨+卡莫司汀+马法兰+ATG)的RTC方案对中位年龄为56岁的100例患者进行allo-HSCT的结果表明,年龄因素不影响预后,而移植前疾病状态为决定预后的独立因素。 国内方欣臣等[14]采用allo-HSCT治疗10例45~63岁恶性血液病患者,其中4例采用清髓剂量预处理,6例RIC预处理,2年DFS率达到了70%。孙佳丽[15]采用对26例≥50岁高龄血液病患者进行allo-HSCT,其中大部分采用清髓剂量的预处理方案,5年DFS率为51.5%。这两项研究进一步支持清髓剂量预处理allo-HSCT对于部分高龄恶性血液病患者是有效、安全的治疗方法。但是以上病例大部分为移植前疾病处于缓解状态或者处于慢性髓性白血病慢性期,对于高龄高危或挽救性移植病例目前国内报道并不多。 本组12例55岁以上高危恶性血液系统疾病患者,我们尝试清髓预处理方案的探索,9例接受了清髓剂量BU/Flu+ ATG为基础的RTC预处理方案,1例接受清髓剂量白消安加上减量环磷酰胺为基础的预处理方案。另外有2例患者采用清髓剂量TBI+Flu为基础的预处理方案,目的是最大程度地清除白血病细胞。同时考虑到将新的作用机制药物加入预处理优化方案,能进一步改善高危患者无病生存。本组有4例HCI-CI为0~1的AML患者基于存在表观遗传学基因突变或考虑为MDS转化AML,在清髓之前加用了地西他滨联合阿糖胞苷做移植前桥接治疗;有2例AML患者(HCI-CI分别为1、2)预处理前加用安丫啶联合阿糖胞苷的桥接治疗。12例患者在整个预处理过程中3例患者出现了Ⅳ度放化疗不良反应,经对症处理后均好转,其余9例均为Ⅰ~Ⅱ度放化疗不良反应,无一例发生预处理相关死亡。证明在部分老年患者中,HCT-CI指数较低(0~2)的情况下采用清髓剂量预处理方案是可行的。 移植前HCT-CI指数是预测TRM和OS率的重要指标,随着HCT-CI指数的增高,TRM越高而OS率越低[16],在本组12例患者中,3例发生Ⅳ度预处理相关不良反应患者HCT-CI指数均≥2,提示对于HCT-CI指数较高的患者还是需要适当减低预处理的强度。 本组12例患者8例存活并且无病生存;4例死亡,3例死于TRM,仅有1例死于复发。本研究初步提示,保留清髓剂量预处理在HIC-CI指数不高的55岁以上高危恶性血液系统疾病患者中安全可行,并不明显增高TRM,但是可以降低复发风险,提高DFS率。

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          Effect of age on outcome of reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission or with myelodysplastic syndrome.

          PURPOSE Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) primarily afflict older individuals. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is generally not offered because of concerns of excess morbidity and mortality. Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens allow increased use of allogeneic HCT for older patients. To define prognostic factors impacting long-term outcomes of RIC regimens in patients older than age 40 years with AML in first complete remission or MDS and to determine the impact of age, we analyzed data from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed data reported to the CIBMTR (1995 to 2005) on 1,080 patients undergoing RIC HCT. Outcomes analyzed included neutrophil recovery, incidence of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), relapse, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Univariate analyses demonstrated no age group differences in NRM, grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, or relapse. Patients age 40 to 54, 55 to 59, 60 to 64, and > or = 65 years had 2-year survival rates as follows: 44% (95% CI, 37% to 52%), 50% (95% CI, 41% to 59%), 34% (95% CI, 25% to 43%), and 36% (95% CI, 24% to 49%), respectively, for patients with AML (P = .06); and 42% (95% CI, 35% to 49%), 35% (95% CI, 27% to 43%), 45% (95% CI, 36% to 54%), and 38% (95% CI, 25% to 51%), respectively, for patients with MDS (P = .37). Multivariate analysis revealed no significant impact of age on NRM, relapse, DFS, or OS (all P > .3). Greater HLA disparity adversely affected 2-year NRM, DFS, and OS. Unfavorable cytogenetics adversely impacted relapse, DFS, and OS. Better pre-HCT performance status predicted improved 2-year OS. CONCLUSION With these similar outcomes observed in older patients, we conclude that older age alone should not be considered a contraindication to HCT.
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            Comorbidity and disease status based risk stratification of outcomes among patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplasia receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

            Retrospective studies have shown similar survival among patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplasia (MDS) after nonmyeloablative compared with myeloablative conditioning. Refined risk stratification is required to design prospective trials. We stratified outcomes among patients with AML (n = 391) or MDS (n = 186) who received either nonmyeloablative (n = 125) or myeloablative (n = 452) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) based on comorbidities, as assessed by a HCT-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI), as well as disease status. Patients receiving nonmyeloablative conditioning were older, more frequently pretreated, more often received unrelated grafts, and more often had HCT-CI scores of 3 compared with patients who received myeloablative conditioning. Patients with HCT-CI scores of 0 to 2 and either low or high disease risks had probabilities of overall survival at 2 years of 70% and 57% after nonmyeloablative conditioning compared with 78% and 50% after myeloablative conditioning, respectively. Patients with HCT-CI scores of 3 and either low or high disease risks had probabilities of overall survival of 41% and 29% with nonmyeloablative conditioning compared with 45% and 24% with myeloablative regimens, respectively. After adjusting for pretransplantation differences, stratified outcomes were not significantly different among patients receiving nonmyeloablative compared with myeloablative conditioning, with the exception of lessened nonrelapse mortality (hazard ratio, 0.50; P = .05) in the highest risk group. Patients with low comorbidity scores could be candidates for prospective randomized trials comparing nonmyeloablative and myeloablative conditioning regardless of disease status. Additional data are required for patients with low-risk diseases and high comorbidity scores. Novel antitumor agents combined with nonmyeloablative HCT should be explored among patients with high comorbidity scores and advanced disease.
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              Once-daily intravenous busulfan and fludarabine: clinical and pharmacokinetic results of a myeloablative, reduced-toxicity conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in AML and MDS.

              Postulating favorable antileukemic effect with improved safety, we used intravenous busulfan and fludarabine as conditioning therapy for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Fludarabine 40 mg/m2 and intravenous busulfan 130 mg/m2 were given once daily for 4 days, with tacrolimus-methotrexate as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. We treated 74 patients with AML and 22 patients with MDS; patients had a median age of 45 years (range, 19-66 years). Only 20% of the patients were in first complete remission (CR) at transplantation. Donors were HLA-compatible related (n = 60) or matched unrelated (n = 36). The CR rate for 54 patients with active disease was 85%. At a median follow-up of 12 months, 1-year regimen-related and treatment-related mortalities were 1% and 3%, respectively. Two patients had reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Actuarial 1-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 65% and 52% for all patients, and 81% and 75% for patients receiving transplants in CR. Recipient age and donor type did not influence OS or EFS. Median busulfan clearance was 109 mL/min/m2 and median daily area-under-the-plasma-concentration-versus-time-curve was 4871 micromol-min, with negligible interdose variability in pharmacokinetic parameters. The results suggest that intravenous busulfan-fludarabine is an efficacious, reduced-toxicity, myeloablative-conditioning regimen for patients with AML or MDS undergoing HSCT.
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                Journal
                Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
                Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
                CJH
                Chinese Journal of Hematology
                Editorial office of Chinese Journal of Hematology (No. 288, Nanjing road, Heping district, Tianjin )
                0253-2727
                2707-9740
                August 2016
                : 37
                : 8
                : 708-711
                Affiliations
                [1]065200 河北廊坊三河市,河北燕达陆道培医院干细胞治疗科Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hebei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital, Langfang 065200, China
                Author notes
                通信作者:吴彤(Wu Tong),Email: tongwu-qian@ 123456vip.sina.com
                Article
                cjh-37-08-708
                10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.08.016
                7348528
                27587256
                141f4866-734c-4228-837b-03e48156f56e
                2016年版权归中华医学会所有Copyright © 2016 by Chinese Medical Association

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-BY-NC). The Copyright own by Publisher. Without authorization, shall not reprint, except this publication article, shall not use this publication format design. Unless otherwise stated, all articles published in this journal do not represent the views of the Chinese Medical Association or the editorial board of this journal.

                History
                : 5 January 2016
                Categories
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