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      Influencia del perfil de las donantes en la bacteriología pre- y pospasteurización de la leche humana donada Translated title: Influence of donor profile on pre and post-pasteurization bacteriology of donated human milk

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la leche humana es el patrón oro en la nutrición de los neonatos. Por ello, los bancos de leche se convierten en elementos esenciales para garantizar su disponibilidad y seguridad cuando la leche materna no está disponible. La manipulación que se realiza de la leche es un punto crítico para asegurar la seguridad microbiológica de las muestras. Por ello, analizar la flora de la leche donada es fundamental para tomar medidas de mejora de los bancos de leche. Objetivos: analizar los resultados microbiológicos positivos en un banco de leche humana entre las muestras de leche cruda donadas y tras su pasteurización y evaluar si existe relación entre los aislamientos, el perfil de la donante y los circuitos de leche donada. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo que analiza las características de la leche donada y los resultados microbiológicos positivos de muestras de leche donadas en nuestro banco desde junio de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2020. Todas las donantes firmaron un consentimiento informado. Resultados: durante el período de estudio fueron donados 1587 litros de leche cruda por 266 mujeres destacando que, a pesar de la pandemia, 2020 ha sido el año en el que más volumen se ha dispensado (280 L). Se obtuvieron 221 lotes de leche con al menos un aislamiento microbiológico positivo (14,2 % total), de ellos 149 previos y 46 posteriores a la pasteurización. La tasa de descarte pre y pospasteurización es variable a lo largo de los años con descenso en 2020 prepasteurización (3,9%) e incremento pospasteurización (5,3%). Los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados fueron cocos grampositivos, seguidos por Enterobacterias prepasteurización detectándose un descenso en la positividad a S. aureus tras establecerse un protocolo de erradicación. En las muestras pospasteurización predomina el género Bacillus. Se ha encontrado una relación aunque no estadísticamente significativa (p > 0,05) entre mujeres con mayor volumen de donación y/o ingreso de su hijo/a en Neonatología y una mayor frecuencia cultivos positivos. Conclusiones: el análisis bacteriológico de las muestras es parte fundamental del control de calidad. Nuestros resultados traducen una buena sistemática de extracción y transporte, así como un buen entrenamiento de los profesionales del banco. No obstante, es necesario mejorar los procesos para reducir la tasa de contaminación y la cantidad de leche desechada.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: breastfeeding is the gold standard for infant's nutrition. Human milk bank is an essential tool to guarantee availability and safety in those situations when breastfeeding is not an option. The manipulation during the extraction of the human milk by the donors is a critical point to ensure an adequate microbiological safety. Therefore, knowing the bacterial flora that prevails in donated milk is essential to draw conclusions that can lead to taking measures in the management of the bank. Objectives: to analyze the prevalence of microorganisms in milk samples donated to the milk bank and how the bacterial flora behaves according to the profile of the donors and the donor milk circuits. Methods: the present work is a retrospective descriptive observational study that analyzes characteristics and the positive microbiological results within our milk bank samples from June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020. All milk bank donors voluntarily signed an informed consent that authorizes the use of data to investigation. Results: during the study period, a total of 1,587 liters of raw milk were donated by 266 women, highlighting that, despite the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, 2020 has been the year in which more volume of milk has been dispensed. The results show that 221 batches had at least one positive microbiological isolation (149 of them were before and 46 after pasteurization). Pre and post-pasteurization rate varies over the years with a decrease in the pre-pasteurization discard rate (3,9%) and increase in the post-pasteurization rate (5,3%). The most frequently isolated germs found in pre-pasteurization cultures were gram positive cocci and Enterobacter and a decrease in the positivity to S. aureus after establishing an eradication protocol. In post-pasteurization cultures, the most commonly found germs are Bacillus. Regarding the donor's profile, it was found a non statistically significant that those women with the highest donation volume and/or admission of their offspring in Neonatology were associated with higher frequency of positive cultures. Conclusions: bacteriological analysis of milk samples is an essential part of quality control for a milk bank. Our results reflect a good extraction system and transportation, as well as good training from the bank's professionals. Nevertheless, improvement of processes is necessary to reduce the rate of contamination and the amount of discarded milk.

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          Donor breast milk versus infant formula for preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis.

          To compare the effect of donor breast milk with infant formula in preterm infants. Separate comparisons with formula were made for donor breast milk that was: (1) given as a sole diet; (2) given as a supplement to mother's own breast milk; and (3) fortified with macronutrients and micronutrients. The main outcomes were death, necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), infection, growth and development. Electronic databases-Cochrane, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and HMIC: DH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of trials and observational studies of preterm or low birthweight infants. Seven studies (including five randomised controlled trials), all from the 1970s and 1980s, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies compared the effect of sole donor breast milk with formula (combined n = 471). One of these also compared the effect of donor breast milk with formula given as a supplement to mother's own milk (n = 343). No studies examined fortified donor breast milk. A meta-analysis based on three studies found a lower risk of NEC in infants receiving donor breast milk compared with formula (combined RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.76). Donor breast milk was associated with slower growth in the early postnatal period, but its long-term effect is unclear. Donor breast milk is associated with a lower risk of NEC and slower growth in the early postnatal period, but the quality of the evidence is limited. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and measure the effect of fortified or supplemented donor breast milk.
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            The Effect of Holder Pasteurization on Nutrients and Biologically-Active Components in Donor Human Milk: A Review

            When a mother’s milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the microbial agents that may be present. Currently, pasteurization, performed at 62.5 °C for 30 min (Holder Pasteurization, HoP), is recommended for this purpose in international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to investigate the effects of HoP on the properties of DM. The present paper has the aim of reviewing the published papers on this topic, and to provide a comparison of the reported variations of biologically-active DM components before and after HoP. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that clearly identified the HoP parameters and compared the same DM samples, before and after pasteurization, were focused on. A total of 44 articles satisfied the above criteria, and were therefore selected. The findings from the literature report variable results. A possible explanation for this may be the heterogeneity of the test protocols that were applied. Moreover, the present review spans more than five decades, and modern pasteurizers may be able to modify the degradation kinetics for heat-sensitive substances, compared to older ones. Overall, the data indicate that HoP affects several milk components, although it is difficult to quantify the degradation degree. However, clinical practices demonstrate that many beneficial properties of DM still persist after HoP.
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              Bacteriological screening of donor human milk before and after Holder pasteurization.

              In order to ascertain any bacterial contamination of donor human milk, we cultured milk samples both before and after Holder pasteurization. During 2003, all frozen donor milk samples were thawed and aseptically placed in pools prior to pasteurization. All individual and pooled samples were cultured and incubated for 48 hours. Specific microbiologic identification of group B Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, alpha-Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Bacillus sp. was performed. Gram-negative rods (GNRs) were subtyped but not specifically identified. Positive cultures were expressed in quantitative colony counts. Samples from 303 pools and 810 individual mother's donor milk were cultured. Forty-four pools (15%) represented "preterm donor milk" from milk donated by mothers who delivered prior to 36 weeks of gestation. Before pasteurization, 185 pools (62%) grew at least one lactose-fermenting GNR, and 58 pools (19%) grew a second lactose-fermenting GNR. Forty-four percent grew a non-lactose-fermenting GNR, and 20% grew an oxidase-positive GNR. The majority (87%) were colonized with Staphylococcus. Other Gram-positive organisms identified included Enterococcus (16%), alpha-Streptococcus (8%), and S. aureus (4%). Only one milk sample was positive for methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of pooled milk samples grew two or more organisms. Milk from 22% of mothers did not grow detectable bacteria on routine cultures. The bacteriologic colonization profiles of milk from mothers delivering prematurely were similar to those of mothers delivering at term. After routine Holder pasteurization of donor milk, 93% of milk samples showed no growth on routine bacterial cultures. A wide variety of bacteria contaminate human milk from donor mothers. Most milk samples grew coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Gram-negative organisms. Although normal skin flora was cultured typically from milk samples, there were also many prepasteurization milk samples contaminated with pathogenic organisms. Holder pasteurization was, however, an effective means by which to remove any detectable bacteria from samples of donor human milk.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2022
                : 39
                : 5
                : 1064-1067
                Affiliations
                [1] Vigo Pontevedra orgnameSERGAS-Área Sanitaria de Vigo orgdiv1Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro orgdiv2Sección de Neonatología y Banco de Leche de Vigo (BLV) España
                Article
                S0212-16112022000800014 S0212-1611(22)03900500014
                10.20960/nh.04014
                36094049
                1424835e-a4f8-404a-b225-938b8978fa3f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 January 2022
                : 07 May 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Milk bank,Donantes,Perfil microbiológico,Banco de leche,Microbiological profile,Donors

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