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      Factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV/AIDS* Translated title: Fatores associados à doença renal crônica em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS* Translated title: Factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA*

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      1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1
      Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
      Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
      HIV, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, HIV, Insuficiência Renal Crônica, Taxa de Filtração Glomerular, Terapia Antirretoviral de Alta Atividade, Fatores de Risco, Comorbidade, VIH, Insuficiencia Renal Crónica, Tasa de Filtración Glomerular, Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa, Factores de Riesgo, Comorbilidad

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          to analyze the factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV).

          Method:

          a paired case-control study (4 controls for each case) carried out in a specialized care service in the Southeastern of Brazil, by analyzing PLHIV medical records. The sample consisted of 85 participants, corresponding to 17 cases and 68 controls. Pearson’s chi-square test (Χ 2) and Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression, Odds Ratio (OR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p<0.05 were used. SPSS version 25.0 and R Core Team, 2018 version 3.5.1 were used.

          Results:

          the factors associated with chronic kidney disease identified in this study were the following: presence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension [OR=5.8, CI (95%)=1.84-18.42, p=0.001] and use of nephrotoxic anti-retrovirals in the previous therapeutic regimen [OR=3.3, CI (95%)=1.105-10.221, p=0.028]. On the other hand, age below 40 years old [OR: 0.122, CI (95%)=0.015-0.981, p=0.022] was identified as a protective factor.

          Conclusion:

          the PLHIV under study have multi-factorial exposure associated with chronic kidney disease. However, knowing these factors helps to identify the existing risks and/or renal dysfunction, in addition to supporting the clinical decision of the health professionals who directly assist them.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          analisar os fatores associados à doença renal crônica em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV).

          Método:

          estudo do tipo caso-controle pareado (4 controles para cada caso), realizado em um serviço de atendimento especializado no sudeste do Brasil, por meio de análise de prontuários de PVHIV. A amostra foi de 85 participantes, correspondendo a 17 casos e 68 controles. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado de Pearson (Χ 2) e teste exato de Fisher, regressão logística, Odds Ratio (OR), Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95% e p<0,05. Utilizou-se os programas SPSS versão 25.0 e R Core Team, 2018 versão 3.5.1.

          Resultados:

          os fatores associados à doença renal crônica identificados neste estudo foram: a presença de Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica [OR=5,8, IC (95%)=1,84-18,42, p=0,001] e o uso dos antirretrovirais nefrotóxicos em esquema terapêutico anterior [OR=3,3, IC (95%)=1,105-10,221, p=0,028]. Por outro lado, a idade menor de 40 anos [OR: 0,122, IC (95%)= 0,015-0,981, p=0,022] foi identificada como um fator de proteção.

          Conclusão:

          as PVHIV estudadas possuem exposição multifatorial associadas à doença renal crônica. Entretanto, conhecer esses fatores auxilia na identificação dos riscos e/ou disfunção renal existentes, além de dar suporte na decisão clínica dos profissionais da saúde que os assistem diretamente.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          analizar los factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVIH).

          Método:

          estudio del tipo caso-control emparejado (4 controles para cada caso), realizado en un servicio de atención especializado en el sudeste de Brasil por medio del análisis de registros médicos de PVVIH. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 85 participantes, correspondiendo a 17 casos y 68 controles. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado de Pearson (Χ 2) y la prueba exacta de Fisher, regresión logística, OddsRatio (OR), Intervalo de Confianza (IC) del 95%, y p<0,05. Se utilizaron los programas SPSS versión 25.0 y R Core Team, 2018 versión 3.5.1.

          Resultados:

          los factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica identificados en este estudio fueron los siguientes: presencia de Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica [OR=5,8, IC (95%)=1,84-18,42, p=0,001] y uso de antirretrovirales nefrotóxicos en esquema terapéutico anterior [OR=3,3, IC (95%)=1,105-10,221, p=0,028]. Por otra parte, la edad menor que 40 años [OR: 0,122, IC (95%)=0,015-0,981, p=0,022] se identificó como un factor de protección.

          Conclusión:

          las PVVIH estudiadas presentan exposición multifactorial asociada a la enfermedad renal crónica. Sin embargo, conocer estos factores ayuda a identificar los riesgos y/o la disfunción renal existentes, además de servir como soporte para la decisión clínica de los profesionales de la salud que atienden directamente a estas personas.

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          Most cited references41

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          Atualização da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Prevenção da Aterosclerose – 2017

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            Kidney Disease: improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD work group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease

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              HIV-associated nephropathies: epidemiology, pathology, mechanisms and treatment.

              HIV is a highly adaptive, rapidly evolving virus, which is associated with renal diseases including collapsing glomerulopathy-the classic histomorphological form of HIV-associated nephropathy. Other nephropathies related to viral factors include HIV-immune-complex kidney disease and thrombotic microangiopathy. The distribution of HIV-associated kidney diseases has changed over time and continues to vary across geographic regions worldwide. The reasons for this diversity are complex and include a critical role of APOL1 variants and possibly other genetic factors, disparities in access to effective antiviral therapies, and likely other factors that we do not yet fully understand. The mechanisms responsible for HIVAN, including HIV infection of podocytes and tubular epithelial cells, the molecules responsible for HIV entry, and diverse mechanisms of cell injury, have been the focus of much study. Although combined antiretroviral therapy is effective at preventing and reversing HIVAN, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, arterionephrosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy are increasingly common in individuals who have received such therapy for many years. These diseases are associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and premature ageing. Future directions for HIV-related kidney disease will involve regular screening for drug nephrotoxicity and incipient renal disease, as well as further research into the mechanisms by which chronic inflammation can lead to glomerular disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                15 July 2020
                2020
                : 28
                : e3331
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre at the Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
                [2 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicinal Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Priscila Silva Pontes E-mail: priscilapontes@ 123456usp.br

                Associate Editor: Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1318-8431
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9770-4896
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9290-3722
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6124-8243
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-4900
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-4721
                Article
                00374
                10.1590/1518-8345.3553.3331
                7365608
                32696924
                142fd065-5c64-465c-b3da-6ac16cfcf3cd
                Copyright © 2020 Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 July 2019
                : 13 April 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                hiv,renal insufficiency, chronic,glomerular filtration rate,antiretroviral therapy, highly active,risk factors,comorbidity,insuficiência renal crônica,taxa de filtração glomerular,terapia antirretoviral de alta atividade,fatores de risco,comorbidade,vih,insuficiencia renal crónica,tasa de filtración glomerular,terapia antirretroviral altamente activa,factores de riesgo,comorbilidad

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