Abnormalities of saccadic eye movements in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment

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Abstract

Background : There is increasing evidence that people in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have subtle impairments in cognitive inhibition that can be detected by using relatively simple eye-tracking paradigms, but these subtle impairments are often missed by traditional cognitive assessments. People with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at an increased likelihood of dementia due to AD. No study has yet investigated and contrasted the MCI subtypes in relation to eye movement performance. Methods : In this work we explore whether eye-tracking impairments can distinguish between patients with the amnesic and the non-amnesic variants of MCI. Participants were 68 people with dementia due to AD, 42 had a diagnosis of aMCI, and 47 had a diagnosis of naMCI, and 92 age-matched cognitively healthy controls. Results: The findings revealed that eye-tracking can distinguish between the two forms of MCI. Conclusions : The work provides further support for eye-tracking as a useful diagnostic biomarker in the assessment of dementia.

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Rate of Conversion from Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease to Alzheimer's Dementia: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Alex Ward, A. Ward, Sarah Tardiff … (2013)

Background: The purpose of this study was to summarize published estimates for conversion from mild cognitive impairment or amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's dementia. We carried out a systematic review of English language publications to identify cohort studies published since January 2006 that reported the risk or rate of conversion. Summary: Thirty-two cohort studies were identified, of which 14 reported annualized conversion rates (ACRs). Conversions over 1 year ranged from 10.2 to 33.6% (5 studies, median: 19.0%), and over 2 years from 9.8 to 36.3% (7 studies, median: 18.6%). ACRs ranged from 7.5 to 16.5% (7 studies, median: 11.0%) per person-year for studies recruiting from clinics, and from 5.4 to 11.5% (7 studies, median: 7.1%) for community samples. Key Message: Extensive variation was observed in conversion rates due to the population sampled, diagnostic criteria, and duration, and because many studies did not account for loss to follow-up.

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Subtype of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Progression to Dementia and Death

Kristine Yaffe, Ron C. Petersen, Karla Lindquist … (2006)

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a common cognitive state between normal cognitive aging and dementia. There is limited information about the heterogeneity of MCI and how this heterogeneity may influence the clinical course of MCI. We determined the longitudinal course of subtypes of MCI and assessed the rate of progression to dementia and to death. Methods: As part of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers of California, we studied 327 patients with MCI (250 with amnestic MCI, 34 with single nonmemory MCI, and 43 with multiple domain MCI) who were followed longitudinally. We determined if subtype of MCI was independently associated with time to dementia diagnosis and time to death using Cox proportional hazard models, and type of dementia using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Mean age of the patients with MCI was 72.9 ± 9.3 years and mean Mini-Mental State Examination score was 25.7 ± 4.3. After a mean follow-up of 3.1 years, 199 (65%) progressed to dementia and 80 (24%) died. After multivariate adjustment, compared to those with amnestic MCI, patients with single nonmemory or multiple subtype MCI were less likely to receive a diagnosis of dementia (HR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.35–1.05 and HR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.44–1.14) but more likely to die (HR = 2.57; 95% CI 1.13–5.84 and HR = 1.73; 95% CI 0.72–4.18), but these results were of borderline statistical significance. There were significant differences in the type of dementia diagnosed across MCI subtypes (p = 0.006). Among the patients who progressed to Alzheimer’s disease, 76% had prior amnestic MCI; of the patients who progressed to vascular dementia, 50% had prior amnestic MCI; all patients who progressed to a frontal dementia syndrome had single nonmemory MCI previously. Conclusions: The majority of patients with MCI progressed to dementia and a significant proportion died. Subtype of MCI may influence rates of progression to death and to dementia and has a major influence on subsequent type of dementia diagnosis.

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The Differentiation of Amnestic Type MCI from the Non-Amnestic Types by Structural MRI

Gábor Csukly, Enikő Sirály, Zsuzsanna Fodor … (2016)

Introduction: While amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI) are theoretically different entities, only a few investigations studied the structural brain differences between these subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. The aim of the study was to find the structural differences between aMCI and naMCI, and to replicate previous findings on the differentiation between aMCI and healthy controls. Methods: Altogether 62 aMCI, naMCI, and healthy control subjects were included into the study based on the Petersen criteria. All patients underwent a routine brain MR examination, and a detailed neuropsychological examination. Results: The sizes of the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala were decreased in aMCI relative to naMCI and to controls. Furthermore the cortical thickness of the entorhinal cortex, the fusiform gyrus, the precuneus and the isthmus of the cingulate gyrus were significantly decreased in aMCI relative to naMCI and healthy controls. The largest differences relative to controls were detected for the volume of the hippocampus (18% decrease vs. controls) and the cortical thickness (20% decrease vs. controls) of the entorhinal cortex: 1.6 and 1.4 in terms of Cohen's d. Only the volume of the precuneus were decreased in the naMCI group (5% decrease) compared to the control subjects: 0.9 in terms of Cohen's d. Significant between group differences were also found in the neuropsychological test results: a decreased anterograde, retrograde memory, and category fluency performance was detected in the aMCI group relative to controls and naMCI subjects. Subjects with naMCI showed decreased letter fluency relative to controls, while both MCI groups showed decreased executive functioning relative to controls as measured by the Trail Making test part B. Memory performance in the aMCI group and in the entire sample correlated with the thickness of the entorhinal cortex and with the volume of the amygdala. Conclusion: The amnestic mild cognitive impairment/non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment separation is not only theoretical but backed by structural imaging methods and neuropsychological tests. A better knowledge of the MCI subtypes can help to predict the direction of progression and create targeted prevention.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Aging (Albany NY)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Aging (Albany NY)

Journal ID (publisher-id): Aging

Title: Aging (Albany NY)

Publisher: Impact Journals

ISSN (Electronic): 1945-4589

Publication date Collection: 15 August 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 02 August 2019

Volume: 11

Issue: 15

Pages: 5389-5398

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

[2 ]Psychology Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

[3 ]Computing and Communications Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

[4 ]Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

[5 ]Maths and Statistics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

[6 ]Engineering & Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, UK

[7 ]Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

[8 ]Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

[9 ]Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

Author notes

Correspondence to: Thomas D.W. Wilcockson; email: t.wilcockson@lboro.ac.uk

Article

Publisher ID: 102118 Publisher ID: 102118

DOI: 10.18632/aging.102118

PMC ID: 6710064

PubMed ID: 31375642

SO-VID: 1440de8c-02c1-4bcb-b9a0-f397373572d9

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abnormalities of saccadic eye movements in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment

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Most cited references 10

Rate of Conversion from Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease to Alzheimer's Dementia: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Subtype of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Progression to Dementia and Death

The Differentiation of Amnestic Type MCI from the Non-Amnestic Types by Structural MRI

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