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      Two extremely rare new species of fossorial salamanders of the genus Oedipina (Plethodontidae) from northwestern Ecuador

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          Abstract

          We describe two new species of salamanders of the genus Oedipina, subgenus Oedopinola, from two localities on the northwestern foothills of Ecuador, at elevations between 921 and 1,067 m. These are the southernmost members of the genus. We examined different museum collections and we found just three specimens of Oedipina from Ecuador, obtained throughout the history of herpetological collections in the country. We identify two of the three specimens as new species, but refrain from assigning a specific identity to the third, pending further study. Oedipina villamizariorum sp. n. is a medium-sized member of the genus, with a narrow, relatively pointed head and blunt snout; dorsolaterally oriented eyes, moderate in size; and digits that are moderately long and having pointed tips. Oedipina ecuatoriana sp. n., somewhat larger, has a narrow head and broadly rounded snout; this new species differs from all known Oedipina by the distinctive presence of paired prefrontal bones and a reduced phalangeal formula: 0-0-1-0; 0-1-2-1-1. We provide detailed descriptions of the osteology of both new species. Finally, we present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus, including one of the two new species, based on partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA.

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          El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext)

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            Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama.

            Amphibian populations around the world are experiencing unprecedented declines attributed to a chytrid fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Despite the severity of the crisis, quantitative analyses of the effects of the epidemic on amphibian abundance and diversity have been unavailable as a result of the lack of equivalent data collected before and following disease outbreak. We present a community-level assessment combining long-term field surveys and DNA barcode data describing changes in abundance and evolutionary diversity within the amphibian community of El Copé, Panama, following a disease epidemic and mass-mortality event. The epidemic reduced taxonomic, lineage, and phylogenetic diversity similarly. We discovered that 30 species were lost, including five undescribed species, representing 41% of total amphibian lineage diversity in El Copé. These extirpations represented 33% of the evolutionary history of amphibians within the community, and variation in the degree of population loss and decline among species was random with respect to the community phylogeny. Our approach provides a fast, economical, and informative analysis of loss in a community whether measured by species or phylogenetic diversity.
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              New Mining Concessions Could Severely Decrease Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Ecuador

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                peerj
                peerj
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                2 October 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : e9934
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá , Quito, Ecuador
                [2 ]Museo de Zoología & Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Instituto de Diversidad Biológica Tropical iBIOTROP, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá , Quito, Ecuador
                [3 ]Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO) , Quito, Ecuador
                [4 ]Fundación EcoMinga , Baños, Ecuador
                [5 ]Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley , California, United States of America
                [6 ]Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala , Kerala, India
                [7 ]Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum , London, United Kingdom
                [8 ]Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig , Bonn, Germany
                [9 ]Department of Geography, King’s College London , London, United Kingdom
                [10 ]Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador , Quito, Ecuador
                Article
                9934
                10.7717/peerj.9934
                7534686
                144213e3-a303-4265-9871-1441fa61df5f
                ©2020 Reyes-Puig et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 14 April 2020
                : 23 August 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
                Funded by: University of Basel Botanical Garden, Rainforest Trust, and Fundación EcoMinga
                Funded by: Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ
                Funded by: International cooperation GIZ
                Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
                Award ID: NE/R002150/1
                Funded by: International Travel Support, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
                Funded by: Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Ecuador SENESCYT
                Funded by: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Dirección General Académica
                Carolina Reyes-Puig’s work was supported by the project “Programa de Inventarios y Monitoreo del Sistema de Reservas EcoMinga”, executed by the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad and funded by University of Basel Botanical Garden, Rainforest Trust, and Fundación EcoMinga through the collaboration of Heinz Schneider, Lou Jost, Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig and Javier Robayo. Work by Carolina Reyes-Puig and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia was supported by Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ (projects HUBI ID 41 “Nuevas especies de anfibios de Ecuador”, 48 “Taxonomía, Biogeografía y Conservación de Anfibios y Reptiles”, ID 1057 “Impact of habitat changes on the biological diversity of the northern tropical Andes”) and by Programa “Becas de Excelencia”, Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT), Ecuador. Mario Yánez-Muñoz’s and Claudia Koch’s research is supported by the “Programa de cooperación Trilateral Alemania-Brasil-Ecuador,” financed by international cooperation GIZ. Funding for fieldwork was provided by a Natural Environment Research Council grant to Jeffrey W. Streicher (NE/R002150/1). Fieldwork by Ramachadran Kotharambath was made possible by a grant from International Travel Support, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Laboratory work at the QCAZ museum was funded by Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Ecuador SENESCYT (Arca de Noé initiative; Santiago Ron and Omar Torres principal investigators) and grants from Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Dirección General Académica. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Biodiversity
                Taxonomy
                Zoology

                cryptic diversity,oedopinola,endemism,foothills of western ecuador,choco

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