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      No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide

      research-article
      a , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 7 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 3 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 2 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 18 , 2 , 34 , 35 , 2 , 29 , 36 , 16 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 20 , 40 , 41 , 2 , 16 , 17 , 42 , 25 , 36 , 31 , 43 , b , 2 , 7
      Nature Communications
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          Abstract

          Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970–2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.

          Abstract

          Alien species of animals and plants can invade new regions of the earth. This study performs a global analysis of temporal dynamics and spatial patterns of alien species introductions over the past 200 years, and reports no saturation in the rate at which these invasion are increasing.

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          Most cited references46

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          A proposed unified framework for biological invasions.

          There has been a dramatic growth in research on biological invasions over the past 20 years, but a mature understanding of the field has been hampered because invasion biologists concerned with different taxa and different environments have largely adopted different model frameworks for the invasion process, resulting in a confusing range of concepts, terms and definitions. In this review, we propose a unified framework for biological invasions that reconciles and integrates the key features of the most commonly used invasion frameworks into a single conceptual model that can be applied to all human-mediated invasions. The unified framework combines previous stage-based and barrier models, and provides a terminology and categorisation for populations at different points in the invasion process. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward.

            Study of the impacts of biological invasions, a pervasive component of global change, has generated remarkable understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of the spread of introduced populations. The growing field of invasion science, poised at a crossroads where ecology, social sciences, resource management, and public perception meet, is increasingly exposed to critical scrutiny from several perspectives. Although the rate of biological invasions, elucidation of their consequences, and knowledge about mitigation are growing rapidly, the very need for invasion science is disputed. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding invasion impacts and management, and discuss the challenges that the discipline faces in its science and interactions with society. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              • Record: found
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              • Article: not found

              Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group
                2041-1723
                15 February 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 14435
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) , Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
                [2 ]Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna , Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
                [3 ]Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg , Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
                [4 ]Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
                [5 ]Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London , Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
                [6 ]School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
                [7 ]Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
                [8 ]Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University , Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia
                [9 ]Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) , Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
                [10 ]IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) , 00144 Rome, Italy
                [11 ]Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University , PO Box 85084, Lincoln, Christchurch 7648, New Zealand
                [12 ]Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) , Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
                [13 ]Institute of Biology at the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
                [14 ]Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) , Altensteinstrasse 34, 14195 Berlin, Germany
                [15 ]IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), University of Auckland , Auckland 1072, New Zealand
                [16 ]Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
                [17 ]Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague , Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
                [18 ]German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig , Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                [19 ]Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15784 Greece
                [20 ]Department of Biology, University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
                [21 ]Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari , Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
                [22 ]CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Cátedra Infraestruturas de Portugal-Biodiversidade, Universidade do Porto , Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
                [23 ]Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Museumsmeile Bonn , 53113 Bonn, Germany
                [24 ]Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University , p. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
                [25 ]Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz , Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
                [26 ]Department of Biosciences, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
                [27 ]Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
                [28 ]Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora , Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
                [29 ]Biota of North America Program (BONAP) , 9319 Bracken Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA
                [30 ]CABI, Rue des Grillons 1 , 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
                [31 ]Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University Göttingen , Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [32 ]Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Community Ecology , Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
                [33 ]Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Am Kirchweg 2, 06108 Halle, Germany
                [34 ]US Forest Service Northern Research Station , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
                [35 ]Center for Interamerican Studies (CIAS), Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, Bielefeld University , Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
                [36 ]Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI) , Suite 14, Bridge House, 1-2 Station Bridge, Harrogate HG1 1SS, UK
                [37 ]Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Environment Agency Austria , Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
                [38 ]Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166 Smithsonian Institution , P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
                [39 ]Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) , UR 0633, Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans, France
                [40 ]Centre for Ecology and Hydrology , Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
                [41 ]IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) , Via Valentino Mazzola 38 T2 B 10, I-00142 Roma, Italy
                [42 ]Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Silesia , Jagiellonska Strasse 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
                [43 ]Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO (NIAES) , 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
                Author notes
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-6419
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-4490
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-4098
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-8236
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-4304
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-3708
                Article
                ncomms14435
                10.1038/ncomms14435
                5316856
                28198420
                144595e0-cf7b-4288-a654-90a5dfb29e00
                Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 16 February 2016
                : 28 December 2016
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