INTRODUCTION
There is universal agreement that a healing environment is desirable for patients
and for providers. What constitutes a healing environment is open to discussion and
depends on individual perspectives. The Samueli Institute coined the term Optimal
Healing Environment (OHE) in 2004 to describe a healthcare system that is designed
to stimulate and support the inherent healing capacity of patients, families, and
their care providers. An OHE consists of people in relationships, their health-creating
behaviors, and the surrounding physical environment.
1
The OHE framework (Figure) is a conceptual framework applicable to health professionals;
patients, their families, and significant others; healthcare organizations; and healthcare
systems. As an organizing framework, the 8 concepts contained in the 4 environments
of the OHE framework provide direction to patients, families, care providers, and
organizations to optimize the potential for healing. Each of the environments and
constructs of the OHE framework work synergistically to support and stimulate health
creation and healing (a concept known as salutogenesis).
Figure
Optimal Healing Environments framework.
Samueli Institute defines healing as “a holistic, transformative process of repair
and recovery in mind, body, and spirit resulting in positive change, finding meaning,
and movement towards self-realization of wholeness, regardless of the presence or
absence of disease.” The OHE framework was designed to elevate healing and health
creation to be as important as disease identification and cure. If strategically implemented,
the tenets of the OHE framework serve to hardwire the commitment to person-centric
practice and engagement of innate healing abilities into the culture of the organization.
Several assumptions are foundational to the OHE framework. First, healing and cure
are distinct but complementary processes. Cure is defined as the elimination of disease
or disease symptoms in contrast to healing that can occur when cure is not possible.
Although healing and cure can occur in isolation, integration of healing and curing
processes is essential for the fulfillment of the human potential for healing. Second,
humans are complex, multidimensional beings, and cohesion of body, mind, and spirit
is a hallmark of healing. Third, individuals are influenced by and influence each
other and their physical environments. Finally, attending to each of the constructs
in the OHE framework ensures a holistic, person-centered approach to health creation
and healing and leads to professional fulfillment and joy in work.
HISTORY
A decade ago, more than 50 of the nation's leading healers and innovators came together
to envision an idealized healing environment. The healers, nurses, physicians, mind-body
practitioners, spiritual care experts, and integrative care practitioners developed
and refined the concept of an OHE and came to consensus on 7 recommended components
outlined in Table 1.
2
Table 1
Components of an Optimal Healing Environment
2
1. Conscious development of intention, awareness, expectation and belief in healing;
2. Transformative self-care practices that facilitate personal cohesion and the experience
of wholeness and well-being;
3. Techniques that foster healing presence based on compassion, love, and awareness
of interconnectivity;
4. Development of listening and communication skills that foster trust and a bond
between practitioner and patient;
5. Instruction and practice in health promotion behaviors that change lifestyle to
support self-healing and the development of social support;
6. Responsible application of integrative medicine via collaborative practice supportive
of healing processes; and
7. The physical space in which healing is practiced.
The resultant 7-construct OHE framework was tested in multiple healthcare settings
and clinical situations. Eight innovative organizations were evaluated against the
OHE framework, investigating the rationale for creating an OHE, the anticipated outcomes
as a result of the innovations, and the resultant improvements. In each case, authentic
and transformational leadership was key to creating a culture of healing. Each of
the 8 organizations took a unique approach, but all had executive champions committed
to a mission of healing.
3
The case studies influenced the institute to reorganize the framework into four environments
and eight constructs (Figure).
In 2009, nursing leaders convened to examine the OHE framework's relevance to nursing
practice, and a follow-up symposium was held in 2011 to highlight advances and innovations
in creating OHEs. Each of these symposia informed the tenets of the OHE framework
and guided continued testing and refinement of the framework. Researchers employed
concept analysis methodology to refine and operationalize construct definitions (Table
2) and assess tool development.
Table 2
OHE Constructs and Definitions
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Healing Intention
A conscious and benevolent mental activity (thought) purposefully directed toward
health, wellbeing, healing, or highest good for one's self or another. Healing intention
is manifest in the care setting in various ways, including setting intentions, prayer,
and assessing patient hopes and expectations for healing and incorporating those hopes
into the plan of care.
Personal Wholeness
The congruence of mind, body, and spirit, experienced through relationship with self
and others, resulting in completeness and wellbeing. Mind-body-spirit congruence is
enhanced through mind-body practices and interventions and attending to spirituality.
INTERPERSONAL ENVIRONMENT
Healing Relationships
Healing relationships are the connections between persons who hold an intention for
healing to occur. The attributes that distinguish a healing relationship from other
positive relationships are that the connection is intentional and covenantal in nature
and the connection involves positive emotional engagement and provides mutual benefit.
Healing Organizations
Healing organizations are driven by a mission to promote healing and health creation.
They provide appropriate structures, processes, and resources to stimulate and support
healing through intention, relationships, person-centered strategic planning and shared
decision-making. Healing organizations optimize the potential for wellbeing of their
employees and the people they serve.
BEHAVIORAL ENVIRONMENT
Healthy Lifestyles
A healthy lifestyle involves making choices in diet, activity, relaxation, stress
reduction and sleep that create and maintain health. A healthy lifestyle is a way
of life that optimizes potential for maximal healthy life years.
Integrative Care
Integrative care is team-based care that is person-focused and family-centered and
incorporates multidisciplinary care providers at their highest skill level. Integrative
care blends the best of complementary therapies with conventional medicine in order
to enhance self-care skills and ameliorate suffering.
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Healing Spaces
Healing spaces incorporate evidence-based design and healing principles to optimize
and improve the quality of care, outcomes, and experiences of patients and staff.
Healing spaces use physical design to enhance the individual's innate healing potential.
Ecological Sustainability
Organizations and individuals can foster ecological sustainability by reducing their
footprint and supporting the health of the planet. The chemical impact and energy
use of their operations is considered. Products or practices that are resource-intensive
can be replaced with more ecologically friendly, less harmful, and cruelty-free alternatives.
What follows is the most current description of an OHE with definitions and exemplars.
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
An OHE begins with the individual and his or her internal environment. The internal
environment consists of our most private thoughts, hopes, and expectations and our
emotions, intentions, and beliefs. The internal environment acknowledges the individual
as a complex, multidimensional being, a whole person, mind-body-spirit. Understanding
each dimension and the interplay between mind, body, and spirit are crucial to health
creation and healing. The internal environment is vital to healing because our thoughts,
emotions, and spirit have a direct effect on our bodies, our choices, and our relationships.
What does it take to optimally prepare an individual's inner environment to heal or
receive healing? Healing is optimized when the inner environment is grounded in intentions
to heal and to be healed. Healing is fostered by inner beliefs and expectations that
healing and wellness can and will occur. Individual readiness for healing is also
optimized when the power of the mind-body-spirit connection is strengthened and utilized
to promote wholeness and optimize performance. The constructs of the internal environment
are healing intention and personal wholeness.
Healing intention is a conscious and benevolent mental activity (thought) purposefully
directed toward health, wellbeing, healing, or highest good for one's self or another.
Healing intentions go on inside an individual as a prelude to interactions
4
and can be expressed internally or manifested externally by words, behaviors, and/or
actions. Healing intentions can be formed by providers, patients, and family members
or can occur over distance and between strangers.
5
They can be directed toward one's self or others. Jean Watson, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN,
advocated for the integration of intentionality and caring consciousness to access
the universal life-spirit energy into the caring-healing process. This process requires
the individual to pause and actively cultivate intentionality and authentic caring
resulting in an increased sensitivity to what is most important in our lives and work.
6
Intentions can be focused for good or for evil; healing intention is directed toward
healing or the highest good.
Intentionality requires self-awareness and especially insight into one's own suffering
and full acceptance of one's self.
7
It is important that care providers continuously scrutinize their motivations and
intentions for engaging in healthcare and reset their intentions through mindfulness
practices and development of a deeper understanding of their spiritual beliefs.
Patients and families come to healthcare providers with hopes, expectations, and beliefs.
Healing intention can be manifest in care through holistic assessment of these hopes
and expectations for healing and incorporating those hopes into the plan of care.
Healers can communicate their healing intentions to patients through caring actions,
healing energy, communication of unconditional love, confidence, and belief in healing.
Patients demonstrate healing intention through sharing their hopes and beliefs and
demonstrating motivation to change.
4
A common form of healing intention is prayer.
Personal wholeness is the congruence of body, mind, and spirit experienced through
relationship with self and others, resulting in completeness and wellbeing.
1
Personal wholeness is both a defining attribute and a consequence of healing. As a
construct of the internal environment, personal wholeness represents the opportunity
to prepare healers and healees for healing through practices that foster cohesion
of body, mind, and spirit. InterSpiritual spiritual guide Janet Quinn, PhD, RN, FAAN,
states that no matter where the proposed intervention enters mind-body-spirit, it
impacts all dimensions and the whole is changed.
8
To enhance innate healing abilities, the interactions between mind, body, and spirit
should be strategically and therapeutically managed.
Practices focused on engaging the mind-body-spirit to improve health and promote healing
include interventions that evoke the relaxation response, such as guided imagery and
meditation. Mindfulness, especially, can reduce stress and increase personal wholeness.
There is a growing body of literature supporting mindfulness-based stress reduction
as an intervention that can reduce clinician burnout and have a positive effect on
stress-related disease processes.
9-11
The emerging science of placebo and nocebo supports the assumptions and principles
of the internal environment.
1
THE INTERPERSONAL ENVIRONMENT
Healing occurs in relationship
4
and the interpersonal environment deals with relationships on a personal, professional,
and organizational level. Healing relationships and healing organizations are operationalized
in the interpersonal environment. In 2005, the Samueli Institute gathered a group
to understand at a deep level the importance of healing relationships in an OHE. The
experts at this symposium explored the key elements of communication, social landscapes,
and professional and patient education in healing relationships.
12
A healing relationship is the foundation of clinical care and essential for healing
to occur.
13
Explorations of healing experienced by patients and practitioners consistently emphasize
the relationship between healer and healee. Gauthier
14
identified relationships as facilitators of healing near the end of life.
14
Beach and Inui stated that “all illness, care, and healing processes occur in relationship”
15(pS3) and according to Quinn, the healing relationship is a factor in the outcomes
of both conventional and complementary therapies.
16
The Samueli Institute defines healing relationships as the connections between persons
who hold an intention for healing to occur. Healing relationships are distinct from
other positive relationships in that the connections between the individuals are covenantal
in nature, the connection involves positive emotional engagement and the relationship
is mutually beneficial.
Healing relationships develop deliberately and require skillful communication, emotional
self-management, attention to the power gradients inherent in clinical relationships,
and the ability to be truly present in the encounter. All of these skills are critical
for the most important element in the healing relationship: trust. Trust develops
over time and as a result of many acts of kindness, respect, and integrity. The ability
to inspire trust requires congruency between personal and public morals or disciplinary
ethics.
17
This congruency allows the patient to predict the practitioner's likely moral responses
based on their moral character.
18
There are promising programs to develop these skills and combat the problems of compassion
fatigue and empathy degradation endemic in our clinical environment. For example,
mindfulness training appears to increase clinician resilience and improve their communication
skills.
19-23
Specific communication skill-development programs have been shown to be effective
in improving clinician-patient relationships and in turn to improve patient outcomes.
24-27
Healing relationships also occur outside of the clinical encounter. Social support
is critical to health and wellbeing. There is significant evidence of the positive
impact of social support from clinicians and from family on behavior change, mortality
and morbidity.
28-32
Close social relationships such as marriage appear to facilitate better health and
decrease mortality.
33-36
An OHE potentiates these relationships and supports social support and family cohesion
in times of acute crisis through policies that encourage family presence and adaptive
physical environments that maintain social relationships rather than separate the
patient from his or her social support system.
Healing organizations are driven by a mission to promote healing and health creation.
They provide appropriate structures, processes, and resources to stimulate and support
healing through intention, relationships, person-centered strategic planning, and
shared decision-making. Healing organizations optimize the potential for the wellbeing
of their employees and the people they serve.
Samueli Institute evaluations of organizations against the OHE framework revealed
the importance of authentic and transformational leadership to develop a culture of
excellence, focus the organization on the mission of healing, and ensure consistency
of focus in resource allocation and decision making.
37
Healing organizations are relentless in their focus on the people they serve: patients,
family, and staff members. Healing organizations incorporate key stakeholders in their
decision-making process and push decisions to levels most impacted by those decisions.
38
Healing organizations set expectations at all levels for collaborative team-based
care. They provide resources and create structures that facilitate team cohesion and
caring behaviors.
39
Healing organizations attend to the health and wellbeing of the employees and affiliated
clinical providers.
40
Cape Coral Hospital in Florida, a member of the Lee Memorial Health System, is an
exemplar of a healing organization. In 2013, the leadership team at Cape Coral Hospital
used the OHE framework to focus and guide their strategic plan. All strategies and
tactics were linked to a construct of the OHE framework. The commitment to creating
an OHE led to consistency of purpose, vision, and values that was communicated to
staff at all levels and to associated physicians.
The change in the organization's culture was visible to all stakeholders and led to
increased physician engagement and loyalty, a 4-point improvement in employee engagement
scores, increased community engagement in the hospital and the medical campus, and
more positive attention from the Lee Memorial Health System leadership team.
THE BEHAVIORAL ENVIRONMENT
The behavioral environment is made up of those actions we take on behalf of ourselves
or others to create health and promote healing by enhancing our innate ability to
heal. An optimal behavioral environment supports the practice of healthy lifestyles
and the application of integrative healthcare.
Healthy behaviors enhance wellbeing and prevent, treat, or even cure disease.
41,42
What you eat, how much you move, and your ability to manage stress have profound effects
on your health and ability to heal. A healthy lifestyle is one that incorporates adequate
amounts and types of exercise, a nutritious and balanced diet, relaxation and stress
management, a balance of work and leisure, sufficient sleep, and creative outlets.
An OHE provides education, training, and support for healthy lifestyles, attending
to the needs of patients, family members, and staff. Consistent with the principles
of healing relationships and organizations, patient participation in the creation
and implementation of healthy lifestyle interventions is an effective way to change
unhealthy behaviors.
43
Integrative health coaching (IHC) is a comprehensive approach to promoting healthy
behavior change. IHC considers patients holistically, supporting them across the entire
behavior journey.
44-46
As a model of educational and clinical innovation aimed at patient empowerment and
lifestyle modification, IHC is aligned well with the tenets of an OHE.
46
An OHE encourages clinicians to role model healthy lifestyle behaviors. Clinicians
struggle with the same issues as the general population and need social and organizational
support to role model healthy behaviors.
47-49
Integrative care is team-based care that is person-focused and family-inclusive and
incorporates multi-disciplinary care providers at their highest skill level. An OHE
provides care that is driven by the person's hopes, expectations, beliefs, cultural
norms, and life goals. The motto “Nothing about me without me”
50
is the rallying cry of the person-centered care movement. Acknowledging the person
as the key decision-maker in his or her care supports appropriate self-care and acknowledges
each person's rights and responsibilities to make his or her own decisions and exercises
autonomy. Person-centered healthcare systems combine the best in medical diagnosis
and treatment with self-care that is educational and ecological. Person-centered healthcare
systems balance health creation and disease management; create partnerships between
experts and laypersons, generalists and specialists; and tap into the talent of individuals,
allowing each to participate to the fullest extent of his or her abilities.
Integrative care blends the best of healing-oriented practices with conventional medicine
in order to enhance self-care skills and ameliorate suffering. Integrative health
systems (IHS) and integrative medicine (IM) are terms used to describe care that involves
the best of both conventional and nonconventional methods to promote health, prevent
disease, and relieve symptoms. Integrative care is a fusion of two cultures: conventional
allopathic care and nonconventional or alternative care. IHC aims for optimal synthesis
of biological, psychological, mind-body, energy, and spiritual therapies addressing
each patient's needs and preferences.
51
IHC and IM reflect the use of evidence-based healing practices at different levels
of coordination or integration into the total plan of care.
52
The University of Minnesota Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center in Minneapolis
is an exemplar IHS. Children from around the world with life-threatening illnesses
seek integrative care at the center. A decision was made in 2014 to incorporate integrative
therapies into the team-based care from the time of diagnosis throughout the trajectory
of care. An advanced practice nurse clinician with a doctorate of nursing practice
in integrative health and healing sees patients and their families after diagnosis
in the outpatient clinic and incorporates integrative therapies and healing practices
into their overall plan of care.
On the inpatient unit, nurses are educated to apply the principles of integrative
nursing. Integrative mursing is a whole-person, whole-systems framework that includes
a set of principles that are aligned with the concepts of OHE and at the University
of Minnesota is the care delivery model of the entire hospital.
53
The treatment of the pediatric blood and marrow transplant patient is often so complex
that he or she requires the integration of multiple disciplines into the plan of care.
One such child, a 4-year-old male with a complicated posttransplant course, suffered
physical complications including respiratory failure and severe hemorrhagic cystitis
with bladder spasms. He was a beloved brother, son, grandson, nephew, cousin, and
friend; there were many symptoms that needed to be addressed beyond the physical.
As a multidisciplinary team, palliative care, social work, chaplaincy, and members
of the integrative health and wellbeing team came together to support this patient
alongside the blood and marrow transplant and critical care nurses and pediatricians.
By placing this child in the center of care, the team was able to coordinate healing
practices that addressed his feelings, fear, anxiety, stressors, sadness, and need
for comfort. By including family members in these healing practices, relationships
were strengthened. The mind-body-spirit healing that occurred within this familial
unit was a powerful example of how leveraging a wide range of therapeutic modalities
and team members can help to meet the needs of the whole patient.
THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
The external environment consists of the physical environment where we work, live,
and play and the impact of our presence on the planet as a whole. Healing spaces support
healing intention and healing relationships. All of one's daily activities happen
in a place that stimulates the occupant either negatively or positively.
54
The intent behind the work of external environment is to create a positive physical
environment that cohesively supports the mind, body, and spirit to find peace, rest,
and vitality. Healing spaces evoke a sense of cohesion of mind, body, and spirit,
support healing intention, and foster healing relationships. Mindfully using our resources
to positively impact human and planetary health is central to ecological resilience.
This is done through the creation of healing spaces and the appropriate use of the
resources of our planet to be ecologically resilient.
A healing space may first be considered or defined by its ambient qualities including
light quality, sounds, air quality, and temperature.
55
The physical environment can cause or mitigate stress. Healing spaces evoke feelings
of serenity and calm and decrease the stress of a chaotic environment.
56
Further work has been done within the field of evidence-based design research looking
at the role the environment has on health-related outcomes.
57
These outcomes include body (injuries, effectiveness, infections, errors, sleep) and
mind (satisfaction, privacy) components, as well as some that span both body and mind
(stress).
The role of the healing environment is to reverse stress or harm and create a supportive
space for healing to occur. Healing environments are not just aesthetically pleasing
or pleasant spaces but support the engagement of its occupants internally, interpersonally,
and behaviorally. The design research and works of note look primarily at supporting
a pathogenic model of symptom management for the physical environment that supports
health. Outside of the role of nature, there has been little scientific evidence supporting
the restorative qualities of the environment related to healing.
Nature is a key component of healing environments. The ability to integrate nature
through gardens or views to gardens has been shown to reduce stress and improve the
cohesion of mind, body, and spirit.
13,58,59
An exemplar in the field of healing spaces is Fort Belvoir Community Hospital in northern
Virginia. This facility was designed using evidenced-based design practices. Instead
of being one large building, the building is broken into smaller buildings with gardens
placed in between buildings and a glass-lined connecting corridor with comfortable
seating areas that afford beautiful views of nature and lots of natural light. With
the smaller narrow buildings and vast expanses of window openings, there are views
to nature through most every space. Additionally, there is nature-based artwork throughout
the facility. A nature-based environment helps to facilitate calming and restorative
space.
Ecological resilience restores the pathways of nature through supported healthy interactions
with the physical environment. Mindfully using our resources positively impacts human
and planetary health. The work of sustainability has focused extensively on doing
less harm. This includes recycling, energy conservation, and chemical management.
Moving from sustainability to ecological resilience is the next step in the effort
to have a healing environment. The work of ecological resilience looks at restoring
green spaces; for example, transforming a parking lot into an active public park.
Another example would be the selection of products that have minimized the use of
chemicals. Choosing chemical-free food not only restores farmland but also supports
the health of the person eating the food. These examples further define the role of
the external environment as a support of healing practices. They cannot heal in isolation,
but they can support a fully-integrated healing environment.
OPTIMAL HEALING ENVIRONMENTS
Our understanding of OHEs has matured over the past decade. The OHE framework has
been exposed to multiple methods of scrutiny from concept analysis, systematic reviews,
survey research, and case study analysis. The current framework with 4 environments
and 8 constructs will be featured in a series of articles in this journal over the
next 18 months. Concept analysis, case studies, and survey results will provide deeper
understanding of the constructs and provide operational guidance to clinicians and
administrators.
We all deserve an OHE at home, at work, and when we need care. As healers and healees,
we enter into healing relationships with healing intentions and the expectation that
personal wholeness and meaning result from our work and our care. We deserve the best
of Eastern and Western medicine in the setting of a healing space.