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      Barriers and facilitators to young children's physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative literature

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          Summary

          Positive activity behaviours (i.e. higher physical activity [PA]/lower sedentary behaviour [SB]) are beneficial from infancy, yet evidence suggests that young children (0‐ to 6‐year‐olds) are relatively inactive. To better understand the perceived influences on these behaviours and to aid intervention development, this paper systematically synthesizes the extensive qualitative literature regarding perceived barriers and facilitators to PA and SB in young children (0–6 years old). A search of eight electronic databases (July 2016) identified 43 papers for inclusion. Data extraction and evidence synthesis were conducted using thematic content analysis, underpinned by the socio‐ecological model (i.e. individual, interpersonal, community, organizational and policy levels). Parents, childcare providers and children perceived seven broad themes to be important for PA and SB, including the child; the home; out‐of‐home childcare; parent–childcare provider interactions; environmental factors; safety; and weather. Each theme mapped onto between one and five levels of the socio‐ecological model; barriers and facilitators at the interpersonal level (e.g. parents, care providers and family) were most frequently cited, reflecting the important (perceived) role adults/peers play in shaping young children's behaviours. We provide an overarching framework to explain PA and SB in early childhood. We also highlight where gaps in the current literature exist (e.g. from male carers; in developing countries; and barriers and facilitators in the environmental and policy domains) and where future quantitative work may focus to provide novel insights about children's activity behaviours (e.g. safety and weather).

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          Most cited references96

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          Media and Young Minds.

          (2016)
          Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers are now growing up in environments saturated with a variety of traditional and new technologies, which they are adopting at increasing rates. Although there has been much hope for the educational potential of interactive media for young children, accompanied by fears about their overuse during this crucial period of rapid brain development, research in this area still remains limited. This policy statement reviews the existing literature on television, videos, and mobile/interactive technologies; their potential for educational benefit; and related health concerns for young children (0 to 5 years of age). The statement also highlights areas in which pediatric providers can offer specific guidance to families in managing their young children's media use, not only in terms of content or time limits, but also emphasizing the importance of parent-child shared media use and allowing the child time to take part in other developmentally healthy activities.
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            The impact of changing attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy on health-related intentions and behavior: A meta-analysis.

            Several health behavior theories converge on the hypothesis that attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy are important determinants of intentions and behavior. However, inferences regarding the relation between these cognitions and intention or behavior rest largely on correlational data that preclude causal inferences. To determine whether changing attitudes, norms, or self-efficacy leads to changes in intentions and behavior, investigators need to randomly assign participants to a treatment that significantly increases the respective cognition relative to a control condition, and test for differences in subsequent intentions or behavior. The present review analyzed findings from 204 experimental tests that met these criteria.
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              Letter to the editor: standardized use of the terms "sedentary" and "sedentary behaviours".

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                krh40@cam.ac.uk
                Journal
                Obes Rev
                Obes Rev
                10.1111/(ISSN)1467-789X
                OBR
                Obesity Reviews
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1467-7881
                1467-789X
                06 June 2017
                September 2017
                : 18
                : 9 ( doiID: 10.1111/obr.v18.9 )
                : 987-1017
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
                [ 2 ] UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
                [ 3 ] Public Health Directorate, Cambridgeshire County Council Cambridge UK
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Address for correspondence: Dr KR Hesketh, MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

                E‐mail: krh40@ 123456cam.ac.uk

                Article
                OBR12562 OBR-11-16-2834.R2
                10.1111/obr.12562
                5575514
                28589678
                1475ebb0-5d0d-4155-99f3-e118753edcfe
                © 2017 The Authors. Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of World Obesity Federation

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 November 2016
                : 28 March 2017
                : 29 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 31, Words: 9707
                Funding
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust
                Award ID: 107337/Z/15/Z
                Funded by: Medical Research Council
                Award ID: MC_UU_12015/7
                Funded by: Research Councils UK
                Award ID: RES‐590‐28‐0002
                Categories
                Pediatric Obesity
                Pediatric Obesity
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                obr12562
                September 2017
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.1.8 mode:remove_FC converted:30.08.2017

                Medicine
                physical activity,preschool,qualitative,review
                Medicine
                physical activity, preschool, qualitative, review

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