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      Temporal relationship between inflammation and insulin resistance and their joint effect on hyperglycemia: the Bogalusa Heart Study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Inflammation and insulin resistance play crucial roles in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aim to examine the temporal relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and insulin resistance in non-diabetic adults and their joint effect on the development of hyperglycemia.

          Methods

          The longitudinal cohort from the Bogalusa Heart Study consisted of 509 non-diabetic adults (360 whites and 149 blacks, mean age = 42.8 years at follow-up) who had hsCRP, fasting glucose and insulin measured twice at baseline and follow-up over 6.8 years. Cross-lagged panel model was used to examine the temporal relationship between hsCRP and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Information on incident T2DM was collected in a survey in 6.1 years after the follow-up survey.

          Results

          After adjusting for race, sex, age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking and follow-up years, the path coefficient from baseline hsCRP to follow-up HOMA-IR (β 2 = 0.105, p = 0.009) was significant and greater than the path from baseline HOMA-IR to follow-up hsCRP (β 1 = 0.005, p = 0.903), with p = 0.011 for the difference between β 1 and β 2. This one-directional path from baseline hsCRP to follow-up HOMA-IR was significant in the hyperglycemia group but not in the normoglycemia group. In addition, participants with high levels of baseline hsCRP and follow-up HOMA-IR had greater risks of T2DM (odds ratio, OR = 2.38, p = 0.035), pre-T2DM (OR = 2.27, p = 0.006) and hyperglycemia (OR = 2.18, p = 0.003) than those with low–low levels.

          Conclusions

          These findings suggest that elevated hsCRP is associated with future insulin resistance in non-diabetic adults, and their joint effect is predictive of the development of T2DM.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0913-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references 32

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          Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS).

           A-G Howard,  R D'Agostino,  L Mykkänen … (2000)
          Inflammation has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, some components of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) have been related to inflammatory markers. We hypothesized that insulin insensitivity, as directly measured, may be associated with inflammation in nondiabetic subjects. We studied the relation of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and white cell count to components of IRS in the nondiabetic population of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) (n=1008; age, 40 to 69 years; 33% with impaired glucose tolerance), a multicenter, population-based study. None of the subjects had clinical coronary artery disease. Insulin sensitivity (S(I)) was measured by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and CRP was measured by a highly sensitive competitive immunoassay. All 3 inflammatory markers were correlated with several components of the IRS. Strong associations were found between CRP and measures of body fat (body mass index, waist circumference), S(I), and fasting insulin and proinsulin (all correlation coefficients >0.3, P<0.0001). The associations were consistent among the 3 ethnic groups of the IRAS. There was a linear increase in CRP levels with an increase in the number of metabolic disorders. Body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and S(I) were related to CRP levels in a multivariate linear regression model. We suggest that chronic subclinical inflammation is part of IRS. CRP, a predictor of cardiovascular events in previous reports, was independently related to S(I). These findings suggest potential benefits of anti-inflammatory or insulin-sensitizing treatment strategies in healthy individuals with features of IRS.
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            Low-grade systemic inflammation and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.

             Christie Ballantyne,  Michelle B Gerke-Duncan,  Ron C. Hoogeveen … (2003)
            To examine the association of low-grade systemic inflammation with diabetes, as well as its heterogeneity across subgroups, we designed a case-cohort study representing the approximately 9-year experience of 10,275 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants. Analytes were measured on stored plasma of 581 incident cases of diabetes and 572 noncases. Statistically significant hazard ratios of developing diabetes for those in the fourth (versus first) quartile of inflammation markers, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, study center, parental history of diabetes, and hypertension, ranged from 1.9 to 2.8 for sialic acid, orosomucoid, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein. After additional adjustment for BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting glucose and insulin, only the interleukin-6 association remained statistically significant (HR = 1.6, 1.01-2.7). Exclusion of GAD antibody-positive individuals changed associations minimally. An overall inflammation score based on these four markers plus white cell count and fibrinogen predicted diabetes in whites but not African Americans (interaction P = 0.005) and in nonsmokers but not smokers (interaction P = 0.13). The fully adjusted hazard ratio comparing white nonsmokers with score extremes was 3.7 (P for linear trend = 0.008). In conclusion, a low-grade inflammation predicts incident type 2 diabetes. The association is absent in smokers and African-Americans.
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              Targeting inflammation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: time to start.

               Marc Y. Donath (2014)
              The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated complications is now well established. Several conditions that are driven by inflammatory processes are also associated with diabetes, including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriasis and Crohn's disease, and various anti-inflammatory drugs have been approved or are in late stages of development for the treatment of these conditions. This review discusses the rationale for the use of some of these anti-inflammatory treatments in patients with diabetes and what we could expect from their use. Future immunomodulatory treatments may not target a specific disease, but could instead act on a dysfunctional pathway that causes several conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wei Chen: (504) 988-7611 , wchen1@tulane.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cardiovasc Diabetol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cardiovasc Diabetol
                Title: Cardiovascular Diabetology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1475-2840
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 August 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 August 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1771 7032, GRID grid.418633.b, Department of Epidemiology, , Capital Institute of Pediatrics, ; Beijing, China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0369 153X, GRID grid.24696.3f, Department of Non-communicable Disease Management, , Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, ; Beijing, China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2217 8588, GRID grid.265219.b, Department of Epidemiology, , Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, ; 1440 Canal Street, Room 1504G, New Orleans, LA USA
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0629 5022, GRID grid.418506.e, Children’s Minnesota Research Institute, Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, ; Minneapolis, MN USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.429222.d, Department of Cardiology, , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, ; Suzhou, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 913
                DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0913-2
                PMC ID: 6706925
                PubMed ID: 31443647
                Copyright statement: © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                Funding
                Funded by: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
                Award ID: R01HL121230
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Institute of Aging
                Award ID: R03AG060619
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Original Investigation
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes

                Keywords: inflammation, c-reactive protein, insulin resistance, diabetes

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