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      Características sociodemográficas e indicadores operacionais de controle da tuberculose entre indígenas e não indígenas de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil Translated title: Sociodemographic features and operating indicators of tuberculosis control between indigenous and non-indigenous people of Rondônia, Western Amazon, Brazil

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          Abstract

          Com a intenção de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a situação epidemiológica da tuberculose (TB) entre populações vulneráveis no Brasil, nosso objetivo foi analisar características sociodemográficas e indicadores operacionais referentes ao controle da TB, comparando indígenas e não indígenas em Rondônia. Realizou-se estudo epidemiológico descritivo e retrospectivo dos casos novos de TB notificados entre 01/01/1997 e 31/12/2006. Foram excluídos os registros duplicados e aqueles para os quais o desfecho foi mudança de diagnóstico e transferência. Os casos de TB foram classificados em duas categorias: indígenas e não indígenas, e foi realizada análise, segundo sexo, faixa etária, procedência (urbana/rural), UF de residência, forma clínica, exames diagnósticos, indicadores de acompanhamento e situação de encerramento. Ao todo foram identificadas 4.832 notificações, com 322 casos (6,7%) em indígenas. Houve predomínio no sexo masculino (razões: 1,7 em não indígenas e 1,3 em indígenas). A maioria das notificações em indígenas (82,6%) foi da zona rural e houve elevada concentração (36,0%) em menores de 15 anos. A análise dos exames realizados demonstrou predomínio de baciloscopias positivas em não indígenas (56,1%) e baciloscopias negativas e não realizadas entre indígenas (31,7% e 35,4%, respectivamente, P valor = 0,0001). Houve diferença no acompanhamento em relação à baciloscopia do 2º mês (6,1% de positividade, P valor = 0,0001) e no exame de pelo menos um contato (69,6%, P valor = 0,017) para não indígenas. Por outro lado, o tratamento supervisionado esteve mais associado aos casos indígenas (23,6%, P valor = 0,0001). Destaca-se o predomínio de cura em ambos os grupos, com maior concentração em indígenas (90,4%, P valor = 0,0001), e maior proporção de abandono em não indígenas (14,7%, P valor = 0,0001). A abordagem empregada mostrou-se útil para elucidar desigualdades e superou as usuais análises realizadas nos serviços de vigilância que visam delinear a situação epidemiológica da TB baseadas, apenas, em taxas ou valores absolutos.

          Translated abstract

          With the intention of improve knowledge on the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis (TB) among vulnerable populations in Brazil, our objective was to analyze sociodemographic characteristics and operational indicators related to TB control, comparing indigenous and non-indigenous people, in Rondônia. We conducted a retrospective and descriptive epidemiological study of new TB cases reported between 1997, January 1st and 2006, December 31st. We excluded duplicate records and those for whom the results of treatment was change in diagnosis and transfer. TB cases were classified into two categories: indigenous and non-indigenous people and analysis was performed according to sex, age, origin (urban /rural), State of residence, clinical form, diagnostic tests, monitoring indicators and results of treatment. Altogether 4832 cases were reported, with 322 cases (6.7%) in indigenous people. There was a male predominance (ratios: 1.7 to 1.3 in non-indigenous and indigenous people). The majority of cases for indigenous people (82.6%) was in rural area and there was high concentration of cases (36.0%) in children < 15 years. The analysis of diagnostic tests showed a predominance of smear positive in non-indigenous (56.1%) and smear negative and smear not performed in indigenous people (31.7% and 35.4% respectively, P value=0.0001). There was difference in the monitoring in relation to smear of second month (6.1% positivity, P value = 0.0001) and exam at least one contact (69.6%, P value = 0.017) for non-indigenous. On the other hand, DOTS was more associated with indigenous people cases (23.6%, P value = 0.0001). Stands out the predominance of cure in both groups, with bigger concentration in indigenous people (90.4%, P value = 0.0001) and higher rate of noncompliance in non-indigenous (14.7%, P value = 0.0001). The approach showed useful for elucidate inequalities and has exceeded the usual analysis carried out surveillance on services that aim to delineate the epidemiological situation based only on rates or absolute values.

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          The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data

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            Risk factors associated with recent transmission of tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

            A systematic review of published articles was performed to identify risk factors associated with recent transmission of tuberculosis (TB). The computerized search identified studies in PubMed, Ovid, CDSR, CINAHL and EMBASE published between 1994 and 2005. Of 137 articles, 30 satisfied all the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. A random effects model estimated the odds ratio (OR), confidence interval (CI), and heterogeneity between studies. Recent transmission of TB was associated with: ethnic minority (OR 3.03, 95%CI 2.21- 4.16), being a native of the country (OR 2.33, 95%CI 1.76-3.08), residing in an urban area (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.35-1.72), drug use (OR 3.01, 95%CI 2.14-4.22), excessive alcohol consumption (OR 2.27, 95%CI 1.69-3.06), homelessness (OR 2.87, 95%CI 2.04-4.02), previous incarceration (OR 2.21, 95%CI 1.71-2.86), human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (OR 1.66, 95%CI 1.36-2.05), young age (OR 2.09, 95%CI 1.69-2.59), sputum smear positivity (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.20-1.60) and male sex (OR 1.37, 95%CI 1.19-1.58). The results should be useful for improving prevention and control strategies, thus contributing to a reduction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission.
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              An epidemic of tuberculosis with a high rate of tuberculin anergy among a population previously unexposed to tuberculosis, the Yanomami Indians of the Brazilian Amazon.

              A survey of an emerging tuberculosis epidemic among the Yanomami Indians of the Amazonian rain forest provided a unique opportunity to study the impact of tuberculosis on a population isolated from contact with the tubercle bacillus for millennia until the mid-1960s. Within the Yanomami population, an extraordinary high prevalence of active tuberculosis (6.4% of 625 individuals clinically examined) was observed, indicating a high susceptibility to disease, even among bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated individuals. Observational studies on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of the Yanomami Indians compared with contemporary residents of the region suggest profound differences in immunological responsiveness to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Among the Yanomami, a very high prevalence of tuberculin skin test anergy was found. Of patients with active tuberculosis, 46% had purified protein derivative of tuberculosis reactions 70%) than the control subjects comprised of Brazilians of European descent (14%). The antibodies were mostly of the IgM isotype. Among the tuberculosis patients who also produced IgG antibodies, the titers of IgG4 were significantly higher among the Yanomami than in the control population. Although it was not possible to analyze T-cell responses or patterns of lymphokine production in vitro because of the remoteness of the villages from laboratory facilities, the results suggest that the first encounter of the Yanomami Indian population with tuberculosis engenders a diminished cell-mediated immune response and an increased production antibody responses, relative to other populations with extensive previous contact with the pathogen. These findings suggest that tuberculosis may represent a powerful selective pressure on human evolution that over centuries has shaped the nature of human immune responses to infection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
                Rev. bras. epidemiol.
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                December 2012
                : 15
                : 4
                : 714-724
                Affiliations
                [03] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1FIOCRUZ Brazil
                [01] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane Brazil
                [02] Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas Brazil
                Article
                S1415-790X2012000400004 S1415-790X(12)01500400004
                10.1590/S1415-790X2012000400004
                23515768
                148f25a7-c40b-43af-abb4-e74168cab30f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 August 2011
                : 16 February 2012
                : 24 January 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Tuberculosis,Índios sul-americanos,Populações indígenas,Health services evaluation,Indigenous populations,Vigilância em saúde,Health Information Systems,Epidemiologia,Health surveillance,South American Indians,Tuberculose,Sistemas de Informação em Saúde,Epidemiology,Avaliação de serviços de saúde

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