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      Chemical and Biological Analyses of the Essential Oils and Main Constituents of Piper Species

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          Abstract

          The essential oils obtained from leaves of Piper duckei and Piper demeraranum by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main constituents found in P. demeraranum oil were limonene (19.3%) and β-elemene (33.1%) and in P. duckei oil the major components found were germacrene D (14.7%) and trans-caryophyllene (27.1%). P. demeraranum and P. duckei oils exhibited biological activity, with IC 50 values between 15 to 76 μg mL −1 against two Leishmania species, P. duckei oil being the most active. The cytotoxicity of the essential oils on mice peritoneal macrophage cells was insignificant, compared with the toxicity of pentamidine. The main mono- and sesquiterpene, limonene (IC 50 = 278 μM) and caryophyllene (IC 50 = 96 μM), were tested against the strains of Leishmania amazonensis, and the IC 50 values of these compounds were lower than those found for the essential oils of the Piper species. The HET-CAM test was used to evaluate the irritation potential of these oils as topical products, showing that these oils can be used as auxiliary medication in cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with less side effects and lower costs.

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          Most cited references32

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          A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity.

          Infections caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The incidence of the disease has increased since the emergence of AIDS. In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable as a source of new medicinal agents. The present work constitutes a review of the literature on plant extracts and chemically defined molecules of natural origin showing antileishmanial activity. The review refers to 101 plants, their families, and geographical distribution, the parts utilized, the type of extract and the organism tested. It also includes 288 compounds isolated from higher plants and microorganisms, classified into appropriate chemical groups. Some aspects of recent antileishmanial-activity-directed research on natural products are discussed.
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            Opportunities and challenges in antiparasitic drug discovery.

            New antiparasitic drugs are urgently needed to treat and control diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and filariasis, which affect millions of people each year. However, because the majority of those infected live in countries in which the prospects of any financial return on investment are too low to support market-driven drug discovery and development, alternative approaches are needed. In this article, challenges and opportunities for antiparasitic drug discovery are considered, highlighting some of the progress that has been made in recent years, partly through scientific advances, but also by more effective partnership between the public and private sectors.
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              Hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test for irritation potential.

              The increasingly large number of chemicals introduced onto the market and into the environment has necessitated the monitoring of environmental materials and specimen banking, as well as the development of rapid and reliable methods for the evaluation of toxicity. The Hen's Egg Test, or Hühner-Embryonen-Test (HET) is a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive toxicity test and can give information on embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, systemic and immunopathological effects, metabolic pathways and now, in developed form, on mucous-membrane irritation potencies of chemical substances. Testing with incubated hen's eggs is a borderline case between in vivo and in vitro systems and does not conflict with ethical and legal obligations especially animal protection laws. In the special field of mucous-membrane irritation testing, a specific score and classification scheme was developed for the HET, which allows risk assessments analogous to the Draize scheme. There is a good correlation between the results for HET tests on a variety of pyrithiones, phenols and isothiazolinones, and the corresponding data based on Draize tests. HET chorioallantoic membrane testing should and could not entirely replace current irritation tests in mammals, but it can diminish the number of investigations with mammals, as well as limit or eliminate pain and injury during animal experiments and allow regulators to set priority and toxicity categories.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                13 February 2012
                February 2012
                : 17
                : 2
                : 1819-1829
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratório de Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 3000, Coroado, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Email: jrocha_01@ 123456ufam.edu.br (J.R.A.S.)
                [2 ]Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais e Derivados, Depto de Produtos Naturais, Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ, Rua Sizenando Nabuco, 100, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; Email: acamaral@ 123456fiocruz.br
                [3 ]Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: jrocha_01@ 123456yahoo.com.br ; Tel.: +55-92-9168-6655; Fax: +55-21-2560-2518.
                Article
                molecules-17-01819
                10.3390/molecules17021819
                6268953
                22330429
                1499b1a5-8cd2-4350-959c-7fb205cbfb29
                © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 20 December 2011
                : 26 January 2012
                : 07 February 2012
                Categories
                Article

                piper duckei,piper demeraranum,essential oil,leishmaniasis,het-cam

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