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      Gender Biases and Linguistic Sexism in Political Communication: A Comparison of Press News About Men and Women Italian Ministers

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          Abstract

          This research on press communication uses a synchronic perspective concerning eighteen ministers, balanced by gender, in the Renzi government (in 2014), as well as a diachronic perspective concerning women ministers from five governments (from 2006-2014). The governments in 2014 and of 2013 were predominantly center-left, with the participation of center and center-right parties, whereas the previous governments had technical-professional rather than political ministers (in 2011), center-right (in 2008), and center-left (in 2006) ministers. In the synchronic analysis we explored the different ways in which the ministers are named, the relative presence of sexist/non-sexist, agentive/non-agentive, and abstract/concrete language in which they were presented. The first analysis comprised 332 headlines and the second comprised 1,356 headlines; we conducted a numerical and lexicographical analysis on the headlines. The results showed: more coverage for men than for women; gender biases in naming ministers involving a greater number of citations of women with both first and last name, whereas there were a greater number of citations of men with their first name only; the prevalence of sexist language that uses the generic masculine rather than the specific feminine (that is, the grammatical feminization of a typically masculine form) in representing women; an increment of the specific feminine in representing women in the last three governments over the previous two; no gender differences in the use of “I” and “We” as markers of agency; more quotations of direct discourse for women than for men; language slightly more abstract than concrete, for both men and women; more positive adjectives for women, and more negative adjectives for men. The results are discussed in relation to the international literature and to the Italian cultural-political context.

          Translated abstract

          La presente indagine sulla comunicazione a mezzo stampa utilizza una prospettiva sincronica nei confronti di diciotto ministri/e del governo Renzi (nel 2014), bilanciati/e per genere, nonché una prospettiva diacronica sulle minstre di cinque governi (dal 2006-2014). I governi del 2014 e del 2013 erano prevalentemente di centro-sinistra, con anche la partecipazione di partiti di centro e centro-destra, mentre i precedenti governi avevano ministri tecnici e non politici (nel 2011), di centro-destra (nel 2008) e centro-sinistra (nel 2006). Nell'analisi sincronica abbiamo esplorato i diversi modi in cui sono nominati i/le ministri/e, la relativa presenza di un linguaggio sessista / non sessista, agentivo / non agentivo e astratto / concreto, per parlare di loro nella stampa. La prima analisi ha compreso 332 titoli e la seconda 1.356 titoli. Su di essi è stata condotta un'analisi numerica e lessicografica. I risultati hanno mostrato: maggiore copertura giornalistica per i ministri che per le ministre; biases di genere nel nominare i/le ministri/e, con un maggior numero di citazioni del nome e cognome per le ministre, e un maggior numero di citazioni del solo nome per i ministri; una prevalenza di linguaggio sessista nel rappresentare le ministre, attraverso l’uso del maschile generico anziché del femminile specifico (cioè la femminilizzazione grammaticale di una forma tipicamente maschile); un incremento del femminile specifico negli ultimi tre governi rispetto ai due precedenti; nessuna differenza di genere nell'uso dei pronomi "io" e "noi" come marcatori di agentività; più citazioni del discorso diretto per le ministre rispetto ai ministri, un linguaggio leggermente più astratto che concreto, sia per i ministri che per le ministre, aggettivi maggiormente positivi per le ministre e maggiormente negativi per i ministri. I risultati sono stati discussi in relazione, sia alla letteratura internazionale, che al contesto politico-culturale italiano.

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          The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JSPP
                J Soc Polit Psych
                Journal of Social and Political Psychology
                J. Soc. Polit. Psych.
                PsychOpen
                2195-3325
                07 December 2017
                : 5
                : 2
                : 512-536
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Processes, University Sapienza , Rome, Italy
                [2]Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
                [3]Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Processes, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy. e-mail: gilda.sensales@ 123456uniroma1.it
                Article
                jspp.v5i2.721
                10.5964/jspp.v5i2.721
                14bc6b20-bae5-45bb-8d0f-e9642dfd84c0

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 October 2016
                : 26 June 2017
                Product
                Self URI (journal-page): https://journals.psychopen.eu/
                Categories
                Original Research Reports

                Psychology
                gender biases in journalistic coverage,analisi lessicografica,modello delle categorie linguistiche,forme pronominali,linguaggio agentivo,sessismo linguistico,biases di genere nella copertura giornalistica,comunicazione politica,lexicographical analysis,linguistic category model,pronominal forms,agentive language,linguistic sexism,political communication

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