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      An Inexpensive and Easy to Use Cervical Range of Motion Measurement Solution Using Inertial Sensors

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          Abstract

          Neck injuries and the related pain have a high prevalence and represent an important health problem. To properly diagnose and treat them, practitioners need an accurate system for measuring Cervical Range Of Motion (CROM). This article describes the development and validation of an inexpensive, small (4 cm × 4 cm × 8 cm), light (< 200 g) and easy to use solution for measuring CROM using wearable inertial sensors. The proposed solution has been designed with the clinical practice in mind, after consulting with practitioners. It is composed of: (a) two wearable wireless MEMS-based inertial devices, (b) a recording and report generation software application and (c) a measurement protocol for assessing CROM. The solution provides accurate (none of our results is outside the ROM ranges when compared with previously published results based on an optical tracking device) and reliable measurements (ICC = 0.93 for interrater reliability when compared with an optical tracking device and ICC > 0.90 for test-retest reliability), surpassing the popular CROM instrument’s capabilities and precision. It also fulfills the needs for clinical practice attending to effectiveness, efficiency (4 min from setup to final report) and user’s satisfaction (as reported by practitioners). The solution has been certified for mass-production and use in medical environments.

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          Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems.

          Brook I Martin, Richard A Deyo, Sohail K Mirza … (2008)
          Back and neck problems are among the symptoms most commonly encountered in clinical practice. However, few studies have examined national trends in expenditures for back and neck problems or related these trends to health status measures. To estimate inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, and pharmacy expenditures related to back and neck problems in the United States from 1997 through 2005 and to examine associated trends in health status. Age- and sex-adjusted analysis of the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from 1997 to 2005 using complex survey regression methods. The MEPS is a household survey of medical expenditures weighted to represent national estimates. Respondents were US adults (> 17 years) who self-reported back and neck problems (referred to as "spine problems" based on MEPS descriptions and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification definitions). Spine-related expenditures for health services (inflation-adjusted); annual surveys of self-reported health status. National estimates were based on annual samples of survey respondents with and without self-reported spine problems from 1997 through 2005. A total of 23 045 respondents were sampled in 1997, including 3139 who reported spine problems. In 2005, the sample included 22 258 respondents, including 3187 who reported spine problems. In 1997, the mean age- and sex-adjusted medical costs for respondents with spine problems was $4695 (95% confidence interval [CI], $4181-$5209), compared with $2731 (95% CI, $2557-$2904) among those without spine problems (inflation-adjusted to 2005 dollars). In 2005, the mean age- and sex- adjusted medical expenditure among respondents with spine problems was $6096 (95% CI, $5670-$6522), compared with $3516 (95% CI, $3266-$3765) among those without spine problems. Total estimated expenditures among respondents with spine problems increased 65% (adjusted for inflation) from 1997 to 2005, more rapidly than overall health expenditures. The estimated proportion of persons with back or neck problems who self-reported physical functioning limitations increased from 20.7% (95% CI, 19.9%-21.4%) to 24.7% (95% CI, 23.7%-25.6%) from 1997 to 2005. Age- and sex-adjusted self-reported measures of mental health, physical functioning, work or school limitations, and social limitations among adults with spine problems were worse in 2005 than in 1997. In this survey population, self-reported back and neck problems accounted for a large proportion of health care expenditures. These spine-related expenditures have increased substantially from 1997 to 2005, without evidence of corresponding improvement in self-assessed health status.
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            The epidemiology of neck pain.

            D. G. Hoy, M Protani, R. De … (2010)
            Neck pain is becoming increasingly common throughout the world. It has a considerable impact on individuals and their families, communities, health-care systems, and businesses. There is substantial heterogeneity between neck pain epidemiological studies, which makes it difficult to compare or pool data from different studies. The estimated 1 year incidence of neck pain from available studies ranges between 10.4% and 21.3% with a higher incidence noted in office and computer workers. While some studies report that between 33% and 65% of people have recovered from an episode of neck pain at 1 year, most cases run an episodic course over a person's lifetime and, thus, relapses are common. The overall prevalence of neck pain in the general population ranges between 0.4% and 86.8% (mean: 23.1%); point prevalence ranges from 0.4% to 41.5% (mean: 14.4%); and 1 year prevalence ranges from 4.8% to 79.5% (mean: 25.8%). Prevalence is generally higher in women, higher in high-income countries compared with low- and middle-income countries and higher in urban areas compared with rural areas. Many environmental and personal factors influence the onset and course of neck pain. Most studies indicate a higher incidence of neck pain among women and an increased risk of developing neck pain until the 35-49-year age group, after which the risk begins to decline. The Global Burden of Disease 2005 Study is currently making estimates of the global burden of neck pain in relation to impairment and activity limitation, and results will be available in 2011. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Neck Pain: Revision 2017

              Peter Blanpied, Anita R Gross, James M Elliott … (2017)
              The Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) has an ongoing effort to create evidence-based practice guidelines for orthopaedic physical therapy management of patients with musculoskeletal impairments described in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). The purpose of these revised clinical practice guidelines is to review recent peer-reviewed literature and make recommendations related to neck pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):A1-A83. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.0302.
              Article 0 comments Cited 182 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 August 2018
                Publication date Collection: August 2018
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2582
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Information Systems Engineering, University San Pablo CEU, Bodilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; rodrigo.garciacarmona@ 123456ceu.es (R.G.-C.); cristina.sanchezlopezpablo@ 123456ceu.es (C.S.); eloyjose.urendesjimenez@ 123456ceu.es (E.U.); a.martin141@ 123456usp.ceu.es (A.M.); Aotero@ 123456ceu.es (A.O.)
                [2 ]Werium Solutions, Arganda del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain; oscar.ramirez@ 123456weriumsolutions.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: rafael.rayalopez@ 123456ceu.es ; Tel.: +34-91-372-64-35 (ext. 4960)
                [†]

                Current address: Escuela Politecnica Superior, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Urb. Monteprincipe S/N, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.

                [‡]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-6984
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-9579
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-0088
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-2933
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-18-02582
                DOI: 10.3390/s18082582
                PMC ID: 6111246
                PubMed ID: 30087258
                SO-VID: 152633d0-6924-404c-8901-bd97482a92bc
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 May 2018
                Date accepted : 03 August 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: crom,inertial sensor,wearable sensor,neck pain,diagnosis,assessment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: crom, inertial sensor, wearable sensor, neck pain, diagnosis, assessment

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