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      The welfare of wildlife: an interdisciplinary analysis of harm in the legal and illegal wildlife trades and possible ways forward

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          Abstract

          Wildlife trade—both legal and illegal—is an activity that is currently the focus of global attention. Concerns over the loss of biodiversity, partly stemming from overexploitation, and the corona virus pandemic, likely originating from wildlife trade, are urgent matters. These concerns though centre on people. Only sometimes does the discussion focus on the wildlife traded and their welfare. In this article, we make the case as to why welfare is an important component of any discussion or policy about wildlife trade, not only for the interests of the wildlife, but also for the sake of humans. We detail the harm in the trade as well as the current welfare provisions, particularly in relation to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which guide global transport and trade. There are a number of ways that the current approach to wildlife welfare could be improved, and we propose ways forward in this regard.

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          Most cited references44

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          Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention.

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            Rough Trade

            (2013)
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              Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID‐19: Preventing Future Pandemics

              Although the exact origin of SARS‐CoV‐2, the etiologic agent of COVID‐19, is currently unknown, there is substantial evidence to suggest the source of transmission of the virus occurred within the Wuhan wet market. In these markets, bats and wild animals are frequently sold and stored in close contact. During several of the world's past pandemics, bats were essential to the spread of zoonotic diseases from bat to another animal or to humans directly. Live animal markets create the perfect conditions for novel viruses such as COVID‐19 to emerge. This paper suggests that to prevent future pandemics, the sale of exotic animals be banned at wet markets. It also advocates for the integration of the analysis of illicit trade with the study of zoonotic disease transmission and pandemics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                tanya.wyatt@northumbria.ac.uk
                Jenny.maher@southwales.ac.uk
                d.allen@keele.ac.uk
                dr.nancyclarke@gmail.com
                debbie.rook@northumbria.ac.uk
                Journal
                Crime Law Soc Change
                Crime Law Soc Change
                Crime, Law, and Social Change
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0925-4994
                1573-0751
                18 August 2021
                18 August 2021
                : 1-21
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.42629.3b, ISNI 0000000121965555, Northumbria University, ; Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.410658.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9035, University of South Wales, ; Pontypridd, Mid Glamorgan UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.9757.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0415 6205, Keele University, ; Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK
                [4 ]London, UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-7607
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4606-1074
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6259-011X
                Article
                9984
                10.1007/s10611-021-09984-9
                8373290
                15319008-77ef-4435-ad59-8e693387a645
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 27 July 2021
                Categories
                Article

                illegal wildlife trade,legal wildlife trade,green criminology,animal welfare,animal rights,cites

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