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      Mediadores inflamatorios: su relación con el dolor crónico y problemas asociados. Revisión bibliográfica Translated title: Inflammatory mediators: its connection with chronic pain and associated problems. Review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El dolor es una compleja interacción de sistemas, con un proceso que integra información sensorial, cognitiva y/o emocional proveniente de amenazas reales o potenciales. En el dolor crónico se ha observado una relación con otros síntomas somáticos y psicológicos como la depresión y la ansiedad, falta de sueño, fatiga y disminución de la capacidad cognitiva. Se ha demostrado que las citoquinas proinflamatorias y los síntomas asociados influyen en la probabilidad de padecer dolor crónico. El objetivo es analizar los niveles de los mediadores inflamatorios en patologías que cursan con dolor crónico y los trastornos relacionados para así comprender mejor el dolor de larga duración. Material y métodos: Para la realización de este trabajo se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica mediante una búsqueda sistematizada en enero de 2020 en las bases de datos Pubmed, CINHAL, Medline, Scopus y Web of Sciencie. Se aplicaron como criterios de inclusión: ser documentos publicados en los últimos 5 años y estar escritos en inglés o castellano. Como criterios de exclusión: estudios de revisión, artículos repetidos en otras bases o que trataran sobre otro tema. Resultados: 13 artículos fueron seleccionados tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Todas las publicaciones son estudios observacionales. Se compararon los valores de citoquinas proinflamatorias en pacientes con dolor crónico, teniendo en cuenta el insomnio, la tolerancia al dolor, el catastrofismo, el género y el índice de masa corporal. Conclusión: El dolor crónico está condicionado por múltiples factores, por lo que se debe conocer la fisiopatología del mismo. De esta manera, la medición de la proteína C reactiva y de citoquinas proinflamatorias podría suponer un avance en la evaluación y seguimiento del paciente con dolor crónico.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Pain is a complex interaction of systems, with a process that integrates sensory, cognitive and/or emotional information that comes from real or potential threats. It has been observed a connection in the chronic pain with other somatic and psychological symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, lack of sleep, fatigue and reduction of cognitive capacity. It has been demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines and associated symptoms influence in the probability of suffering chronic pain. The objective is to analyze the levels of the inflammatory mediators in diseases with chronic pain and with related disorders, so that we can better understand long-term pain. Material and methods: To make this dissertation, a review of the scientific literature was carried out by a systematized search in the Pubmed, CINHAL, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases, in January 2020. The inclusion criteria were: to be documents written in English or Spanish and published in the last 5 years. The exclusion criteria were: review studies, and articles repeated in other databases or that addressed other topics. Results: 13 articles were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. All publications were observational studies. Proinflammatory cytokine values were compared in patients with chronic pain, taking into account insomnia, pain tolerance, catastrophism, gender and body mass index. Conclusion: Chronic pain is conditioned by multiple factors, so its physiopathology must be known. In this way, the measurement of the C-reactive protein and the proinflammatory cytokines could mean an advance in the evaluation and monitoring of the patient with chronic pain.

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          The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises

          The current International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of pain as "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage" was recommended by the Subcommittee on Taxonomy and adopted by the IASP Council in 1979. This definition has become accepted widely by health care professionals and researchers in the pain field and adopted by several professional, governmental, and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Health Organization. In recent years, some in the field have reasoned that advances in our understanding of pain warrant a reevaluation of the definition and have proposed modifications. Therefore, in 2018, the IASP formed a 14-member, multinational Presidential Task Force comprising individuals with broad expertise in clinical and basic science related to pain, to evaluate the current definition and accompanying note and recommend whether they should be retained or changed. This review provides a synopsis of the critical concepts, the analysis of comments from the IASP membership and public, and the committee's final recommendations for revisions to the definition and notes, which were discussed over a 2-year period. The task force ultimately recommended that the definition of pain be revised to "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage," and that the accompanying notes be updated to a bulleted list that included the etymology. The revised definition and notes were unanimously accepted by the IASP Council early this year.
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            A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression.

            Major depression occurs in 4.4% to 20% of the general population. Studies suggest that major depression is accompanied by immune dysregulation and activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the data on concentrations of specific cytokines in patients diagnosed with a major depressive episode and controls. We performed a meta-analysis of studies measuring cytokine concentration in patients with major depression, with a database search of the English literature (to August 2009) and a manual search of references. Twenty-four studies involving unstimulated measurements of cytokines in patients meeting DSM criteria for major depression were included in the meta-analysis; 13 for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, 9 for interleukin (IL)-1beta, 16 for IL-6, 5 for IL-4, 5 for IL-2, 4 for IL-8, 6 for IL-10, and 4 for interferon (IFN)-gamma. There were significantly higher concentrations of TNF-alpha (p < .00001), weighted mean difference (WMD) (95% confidence interval) 3.97 pg/mL (2.24 to 5.71), in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (438 depressed/350 nondepressed). Also, IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher (p < .00001) in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (492 depressed/400 nondepressed) with an overall WMD of 1.78 pg/mL (1.23 to 2.33). There were no significant differences among depressed and nondepressed subjects for the other cytokines studied. This meta-analysis reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens evidence that depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS. Copyright 2010 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment.

              This large scale computer-assisted telephone survey was undertaken to explore the prevalence, severity, treatment and impact of chronic pain in 15 European countries and Israel. Screening interviews identified respondents aged 18 years with chronic pain for in-depth interviews. 19% of 46,394 respondents willing to participate (refusal rate 46%) had suffered pain for 6 months, had experienced pain in the last month and several times during the last week. Their pain intensity was 5 on a 10-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) (1 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable) during last episode of pain. In-depth interviews with 4839 respondents with chronic pain (about 300 per country) showed: 66% had moderate pain (NRS = 5-7), 34% had severe pain (NRS = 8-10), 46% had constant pain, 54% had intermittent pain. 59% had suffered with pain for two to 15 years, 21% had been diagnosed with depression because of their pain, 61% were less able or unable to work outside the home, 19% had lost their job and 13% had changed jobs because of their pain. 60% visited their doctor about their pain 2-9 times in the last six months. Only 2% were currently treated by a pain management specialist. One-third of the chronic pain sufferers were currently not being treated. Two-thirds used non-medication treatments, e.g,. massage (30%), physical therapy (21%), acupuncture (13%). Almost half were taking non-prescription analgesics; 'over the counter' (OTC) NSAIDs (55%), paracetamol (43%), weak opioids (13%). Two-thirds were taking prescription medicines: NSAIDs (44%), weak opioids (23%), paracetamol (18%), COX-2 inhibitors (1-36%), and strong opioids (5%). Forty percent had inadequate management of their pain. Interesting differences between countries were observed, possibly reflecting differences in cultural background and local traditions in managing chronic pain. Chronic pain of moderate to severe intensity occurs in 19% of adult Europeans, seriously affecting the quality of their social and working lives. Very few were managed by pain specialists and nearly half received inadequate pain management. Although differences were observed between the 16 countries, we have documented that chronic pain is a major health care problem in Europe that needs to be taken more seriously.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                February 2021
                : 28
                : 1
                : 37-46
                Affiliations
                [2] Vigo, Pontevedra orgnameUniversidad de Vigo orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte orgdiv2Departamento de Didácticas Especiales Spain
                [1] Vigo, Pontevedra orgnameUniversidad de Vigo orgdiv1Facultad de Fisioterapia Spain
                [3] Vigo orgnameInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO Spain
                Article
                S1134-80462021000200037 S1134-8046(21)02800100037
                10.20986/resed.2021.3841/2020
                155fd6ce-5098-4033-a54e-689f1d360913

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 August 2020
                : 02 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                Dolor crónico,proteína C reactiva,C-reactive protein,citoquinas inflamatorias,insomnia,inflammatory cytokines,Chronic pain,insomnio

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