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      Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Swiss stone pine ( Pinus cembra) depend on climate and tree age in natural forests of the Alps

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          Abstract

          Background and Aims

          Pinus cembra represent a typical and important tree species growing in European subalpine and alpine habitats. The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities associated to this tree under natural conditions are largely unknown.

          Methods

          In this study, we investigated the ECM fungal abundance and composition at four high-altitude sites (two northern-exposed and two southern-exposed habitats) in South Tyrol (Italy), and included also two different age classes of P. cembra. The ECM partners were characterized morphologically, and identified by rDNA ITS sequence analysis.

          Results

          The degree of mycorrhization in adult P. cembra was typically 100% in these natural habitats, with a total species diversity of 20 ECM species. The four high-altitude sites were similar concerning their species richness and mycobiont diversity, but they differed significantly in ECM species composition. Young P. cembra had a mycorrhization degree of 100% and a total of 10 species were observed. All mycorrhizal partners of naturally regenerated young P. cembra were only detected in one specific location, with the exception of Cenococcum sp. and Amphinema sp. which were detected at two sites. Young trees harbour a distinct ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity, which is clearly lower than the diversity detected in adult P. cembra trees. The P. cembra bolete ( Suillus plorans) is the most important symbiotic partner of P. cembra at Southern Tyrolean high-altitude sites and is known for its strict, species-specific host association.

          Conclusions

          The ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition strongly depends on geographic region and on the slope exposure (north or south) of the site.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-022-05497-z.

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          Most cited references37

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          Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities.

          mothur aims to be a comprehensive software package that allows users to use a single piece of software to analyze community sequence data. It builds upon previous tools to provide a flexible and powerful software package for analyzing sequencing data. As a case study, we used mothur to trim, screen, and align sequences; calculate distances; assign sequences to operational taxonomic units; and describe the alpha and beta diversity of eight marine samples previously characterized by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. This analysis of more than 222,000 sequences was completed in less than 2 h with a laptop computer.
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            GenBank

            GenBank® (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for over 340 000 formally described species. Recent developments include a new starting page for submitters, a shift toward using accession.version identifiers rather than GI numbers, a wizard for submitting 16S rRNA sequences, and an Identical Protein Report to address growing issues of data redundancy. GenBank organizes the sequence data received from individual laboratories and large-scale sequencing projects into 18 divisions, and GenBank staff assign unique accession.version identifiers upon data receipt. Most submitters use the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs. Daily data exchange with the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through the nuccore, nucest, and nucgss databases of the Entrez retrieval system, which integrates these records with a variety of other data including taxonomy nodes, genomes, protein structures, and biomedical journal literature in PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP.
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              Exploration types of ectomycorrhizae

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Edoardo.Mandolini@uibk.ac.at
                Journal
                Plant Soil
                Plant Soil
                Plant and Soil
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0032-079X
                1573-5036
                26 May 2022
                26 May 2022
                2024
                : 502
                : 1-2
                : 167-180
                Affiliations
                Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, ( https://ror.org/054pv6659) Technikerstrasse 25b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-614X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-4266
                Article
                5497
                10.1007/s11104-022-05497-z
                11420379
                39323574
                156bdb9d-3351-4abd-a3c2-9c82dbaf392a
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 12 April 2022
                : 13 May 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100015273, Provincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto Adige;
                Award ID: P7180-017-013
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002428, Austrian Science Fund;
                Award ID: 310380
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: University of Innsbruck and Medical University of Innsbruck
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024

                alpine timberline ecotone,cool and dry forests,slope exposure,suillus,rhizopogon

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