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      AgNOR polymorphism association with squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma with HPV infection Translated title: Asociación de los polimorfismos AgNORs con lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas, carcinoma cervical e infección por VPH

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the relationships between AgNORs polymorphisms and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with HPV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study was carried out on sixty women from the state of Guerrero, Mexico. HPV detection was performed by PCR. AgNORs were identified by argentic impregnation. One hundred cells per slide were counted and classified according to the polymorphism of AgNORs dots; typical (spherical) and atypical (large, kidney-shaped and clustered). RESULTS: A total of 100% of the cases were positive for HPV infection. Nine different high-risk HPV genotypes were found, type16 was the most common (48.6%). The AgNORs showed a significant decrease in spherical shape according to neoplastic development. The three atypical shapes showed a significant increase in SIL and SCC (p-trend<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AgNORs polymorphism rises progressively according to the grade of histological lesions that can be useful as a prognosis for progression of SCC.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre los polimorfismos de AgNORs con las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas (LIE) y carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron sesenta mujeres del estado de Guerrero, México. La detección del VPH fue por PCR y los AgNORs por impregnación argéntica; se contaron 100 células y se clasificaron por tipo de polimorfismo de AgNORs: típico (esférico) y atípicos (largo, forma de riñón o de racimo). RESULTADOS: El 100% de los casos presentaron infección por VPH, se encontraron nueve genotipos diferentes de VPH de alto riesgo, el 16 fue el más común (48.6%). La forma esférica de los polimorfismos de AgNORs mostró una disminución con el desarrollo neoplásico y las atípicas incrementaron progresivamente con SIL y SCC (p-tendencia<0.001). CONCLUSIONES: Los polimorfismos AgNORs se incrementan progresivamente con el grado de lesión histológica, y pueden ser útiles en el pronóstico de progresión del carcinoma cervical.

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          Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide.

          J M Walboomers, M V Jacobs, M M Manos … (1999)
          A recent report that 93 per cent of invasive cervical cancers worldwide contain human papillomavirus (HPV) may be an underestimate, due to sample inadequacy or integration events affecting the HPV L1 gene, which is the target of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test which was used. The formerly HPV-negative cases from this study have therefore been reanalyzed for HPV serum antibodies and HPV DNA. Serology for HPV 16 VLPs, E6, and E7 antibodies was performed on 49 of the 66 cases which were HPV-negative and a sample of 48 of the 866 cases which were HPV-positive in the original study. Moreover, 55 of the 66 formerly HPV-negative biopsies were also reanalyzed by a sandwich procedure in which the outer sections in a series of sections are used for histological review, while the inner sections are assayed by three different HPV PCR assays targeting different open reading frames (ORFs). No significant difference was found in serology for HPV 16 proteins between the cases that were originally HPV PCR-negative and -positive. Type-specific E7 PCR for 14 high-risk HPV types detected HPV DNA in 38 (69 per cent) of the 55 originally HPV-negative and amplifiable specimens. The HPV types detected were 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 52, and 58. Two (4 per cent) additional cases were only HPV DNA-positive by E1 and/or L1 consensus PCR. Histological analysis of the 55 specimens revealed that 21 were qualitatively inadequate. Only two of the 34 adequate samples were HPV-negative on all PCR tests, as against 13 of the 21 that were inadequate ( p< 0.001). Combining the data from this and the previous study and excluding inadequate specimens, the worldwide HPV prevalence in cervical carcinomas is 99.7 per cent. The presence of HPV in virtually all cervical cancers implies the highest worldwide attributable fraction so far reported for a specific cause of any major human cancer. The extreme rarity of HPV-negative cancers reinforces the rationale for HPV testing in addition to, or even instead of, cervical cytology in routine cervical screening. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application.

            Harald zur Hausen (2002)
            Links between human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and cervical cancer were first suspected almost 30 years ago. DNA of specific HPV types has since been found in almost all cervical cancer biopsies. HPV oncogenes that are expressed in these cells are involved in their transformation and immortalization, and are required for the progression towards malignancy. Epidemiological studies have underlined that HPVs are the main aetiological factor for cervical cancer. But how has this knowledge been translated into the clinic to allow the prevention, screening and treatment of cervical cancer?
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              Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer (IBSCC) Study Group.

              F X Bosch, M M Manos, N Muñoz … (1995)
              Epidemiologic studies have shown that the association of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) with cervical cancer is strong, independent of other risk factors, and consistent in several countries. There are more than 20 different cancer-associated HPV types, but little is known about their geographic variation. Our aim was to determine whether the association between HPV infection and cervical cancer is consistent worldwide and to investigate geographic variation in the distribution of HPV types. More than 1000 specimens from sequential patients with invasive cervical cancer were collected and stored frozen at 32 hospitals in 22 countries. Slides from all patients were submitted for central histologic review to confirm the diagnosis and to assess histologic characteristics. We used polymerase chain reaction-based assays capable of detecting more than 25 different HPV types. A generalized linear Poisson model was fitted to the data on viral type and geographic region to assess geographic heterogeneity. HPV DNA was detected in 93% of the tumors, with no significant variation in HPV positivity among countries. HPV 16 was present in 50% of the specimens, HPV 18 in 14%, HPV 45 in 8%, and HPV 31 in 5%. HPV 16 was the predominant type in all countries except Indonesia, where HPV 18 was more common. There was significant geographic variation in the prevalence of some less common virus types. A clustering of HPV 45 was apparent in western Africa, while HPV 39 and HPV 59 were almost entirely confined to Central and South America. In squamous cell tumors, HPV 16 predominated (51% of such specimens), but HPV 18 predominated in adenocarcinomas (56% of such tumors) and adenosquamous tumors (39% of such tumors). Our results confirm the role of genital HPVs, which are transmitted sexually, as the central etiologic factor in cervical cancer worldwide. They also suggest that most genital HPVs are associated with cancer, at least occasionally. The demonstration that more than 20 different genital HPV types are associated with cervical cancer has important implications for cervical cancer-prevention strategies that include the development of vaccines targeted to genital HPVs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): spm
                Title: Salud Pública de México
                Abbreviated Title: Salud pública Méx
                Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico )
                ISSN (Print): 0036-3634
                Publication date (Print and electronic): April 2009
                Volume: 51
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 134-140
                Affiliations
                [01] Chilpancingo Guerrero orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Guerrero orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas orgdiv2Laboratorio de Citopatología y Biomedicina Molecular México
                [02] Acapulco Guerrero orgnameInstituto Estatal de Cancerología Dr. Arturo Beltrán Ortega México
                [03] orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Morfología
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0036-36342009000200009 Publisher ID: S0036-3634(09)05100209
                DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342009000200009
                SO-VID: 157372aa-4363-4452-9d6e-c812d8167b63
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 02 April 2008
                Date accepted : 08 December 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Subject: Original Articles

                Keywords: virus del papiloma humano,México,nucleolar organizer regions, squamous intraepithelial lesions,human papillomavirus,squamous cell,carcinoma,Mexico,región organizadora del nucléolo,lesión intraepitelial escamosa,carcinoma de células escamosas
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                Keywords: virus del papiloma humano, México, nucleolar organizer regions, squamous intraepithelial lesions, human papillomavirus, squamous cell, carcinoma, Mexico, región organizadora del nucléolo, lesión intraepitelial escamosa, carcinoma de células escamosas

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