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      Genetic Polymorphism of msp1 and msp2 in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Côte d'Ivoire versus Gabon

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          Abstract

          Introduction. The characterization of genetic profile of Plasmodium isolates from different areas could help in better strategies for malaria elimination. This study aimed to compare P. falciparum diversity in two African countries. Methods. Isolates collected from 100 and 73 falciparum malaria infections in sites of Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa) and Gabon (Central Africa), respectively, were analyzed by a nested PCR amplification of msp1 and msp2 genes. Results. The K1 allelic family was widespread in Côte d'Ivoire (64.6%) and in Gabon (56.6%). For msp2, the 3D7 alleles were more prevalent (>70% in both countries) compared to FC27 alleles. In Côte d'Ivoire, the frequencies of multiple infections with msp1 (45.1%) and msp2 (40.3%) were higher than those found for isolates from Gabon, that is, 30.2% with msp1 and 31.4% with msp2. The overall complexity of infection was 1.66 (SD = 0.79) in Côte d'Ivoire and 1.58 (SD = 0.83) in Gabon. It decreased with age in Côte d'Ivoire in contrast to Gabon. Conclusion. Differences observed in some allelic families and in complexity profile may suggest an impact of epidemiological facies as well as immunological response on genetic variability of P. falciparum.

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          Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

          T. J. Anderson, B Haubold, J T Williams … (2000)
          Multilocus genotyping of microbial pathogens has revealed a range of population structures, with some bacteria showing extensive recombination and others showing almost complete clonality. The population structure of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum has been harder to evaluate, since most studies have used a limited number of antigen-encoding loci that are known to be under strong selection. We describe length variation at 12 microsatellite loci in 465 infections collected from 9 locations worldwide. These data reveal dramatic differences in parasite population structure in different locations. Strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed in six of nine populations. Significant LD occurred in all locations with prevalence <1% and in only two of five of the populations from regions with higher transmission intensities. Where present, LD results largely from the presence of identical multilocus genotypes within populations, suggesting high levels of self-fertilization in populations with low levels of transmission. We also observed dramatic variation in diversity and geographical differentiation in different regions. Mean heterozygosities in South American countries (0.3-0.4) were less than half those observed in African locations (0. 76-0.8), with intermediate heterozygosities in the Southeast Asia/Pacific samples (0.51-0.65). Furthermore, variation was distributed among locations in South America (F:(ST) = 0.364) and within locations in Africa (F:(ST) = 0.007). The intraspecific patterns of diversity and genetic differentiation observed in P. falciparum are strikingly similar to those seen in interspecific comparisons of plants and animals with differing levels of outcrossing, suggesting that similar processes may be involved. The differences observed may also reflect the recent colonization of non-African populations from an African source, and the relative influences of epidemiology and population history are difficult to disentangle. These data reveal a range of population structures within a single pathogen species and suggest intimate links between patterns of epidemiology and genetic structure in this organism.
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            A recombinant blood-stage malaria vaccine reduces Plasmodium falciparum density and exerts selective pressure on parasite populations in a phase 1-2b trial in Papua New Guinea.

            Blaise Genton, Inoni Betuela, Ingrid Felger … (2002)
            The malaria vaccine Combination B comprises recombinant Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and 2 merozoite surface proteins (MSP1 and MSP2) formulated in oil-based adjuvant. A phase 1-2b double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 120 children (5-9 years old) in Papua New Guinea demonstrated a 62% (95% confidence limits: 13%, 84%) reduction in parasite density in children not pretreated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Vaccinees had a lower prevalence of parasites carrying the MSP2-3D7 allelic form (corresponding to that in the vaccine) and a higher incidence of morbid episodes associated with FC27-type parasites. These results demonstrate functional activity of Combination B against P. falciparum in individuals with previous malaria exposure. The specific effects on parasites with particular msp2 genotypes suggest that the MSP2 component, at least in part, accounted for the activity. The vaccine-induced selection pressure exerted on the parasites and its consequences for morbidity strongly argue for developing vaccines comprising conserved antigens and/or multiple components covering all important allelic types.
            Article 0 comments Cited 151 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Genetic diversity and structure of African Plasmodium falciparum populations in urban and rural areas.

              Eric Garnotel, Eric Adehossi, Housem Bouchiba … (2006)
              The genetic variability and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum are key factors in malaria control strategies. Studies have suggested no P. falciparum population structure although linkage disequilibrium was observed in some African areas. We have assessed length polymorphism at 6-22 microsatellites in four urban and rural sites (Djibouti, Dakar, Niamey, and Zouan-Hounien, n = 240 blood samples). Results have shown a P. falciparum population structure in Africa (Fst = 0.17-0.24), lower genetic diversity in Djibouti (He = 0.53) than in the other sites (He = 0.73-0.76), and 3) significant linkage disequilibrium in Djibouti. These results could be related to geographic isolation and low flow of parasites between sites. They also suggest a potential effect of rural suburbs to generate genetic diversity in towns. This could affect the dispersal of selected drug resistance and should be considered when adapting urban malaria control strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Parasitol Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Parasitol Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JPR
                Title: Journal of Parasitology Research
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-0023
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-0031
                Publication date (Print): 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 March 2016
                Volume: 2016
                Electronic Location Identifier: 3074803
                Affiliations
                1Malaria Research and Control Centre, National Institute of Public Health, BPV 47, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
                2Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, BPV 34, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
                3Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University des Sciences de la Santé, BP 4009, Libreville, Gabon
                4Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory of Diagnosis and Research Centre on AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases, 01 BPV 03, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: José F. Silveira

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2016/3074803
                PMC ID: 4823507
                PubMed ID: 27110390
                SO-VID: 15841195-d2ee-41b5-8424-1441eb6d8082
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 William Yavo et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 10 December 2015
                Date revision received : 1 March 2016
                Date accepted : 7 March 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

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