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      Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter and Associations between Particulate Chemical Constituents and Mortality in Seoul, Korea

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          Abstract

          Background: Numerous studies have linked fine particles [≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5)] and health. Most studies focused on the total mass of the particles, although the chemical composition of the particles varies substantially. Which chemical components of fine particles that are the most harmful is not well understood, and research on the chemical composition of PM 2.5 and the components that are the most harmful is particularly limited in Asia.

          Objectives: We characterized PM 2.5 chemical composition and estimated the effects of cause-specific mortality of PM 2.5 mass and constituents in Seoul, Korea. We compared the chemical composition of particles to those of the eastern and western United States.

          Methods: We examined temporal variability of PM 2.5 mass and its composition using hourly data. We applied an overdispersed Poisson generalized linear model, adjusting for time, day of week, temperature, and relative humidity to investigate the association between risk of mortality and PM 2.5 mass and its constituents in Seoul, Korea, for August 2008 through October 2009.

          Results: PM 2.5 and chemical components exhibited temporal patterns by time of day and season. The chemical characteristics of Seoul’s PM 2.5 were more similar to PM 2.5 found in the western United States than in the eastern United States. Seoul’s PM 2.5 had lower sulfate (SO 4) contributions and higher nitrate (NO 3) contributions than that of the eastern United States, although overall PM 2.5 levels in Seoul were higher than in the United States. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in magnesium (Mg) (0.05 μg/m 3) was associated with a 1.4% increase (95% confidence interval: 0.2%, 2.6%) in total mortality on the following day. Several components that were among the largest contributors to PM 2.5 total mass—NO 3, SO 4, and ammonium (NH 4)—were moderately associated with same-day cardiovascular mortality at the p < 0.10 level. Other components with smaller mass contributions [Mg and chlorine (Cl)] exhibited moderate associations with respiratory mortality on the following day ( p < 0.10).

          Conclusions: Our findings link PM 2.5 constituents with mortality and have implications for policy making on sources of PM 2.5 and on the relevance of PM 2.5 health studies from other areas to this region.

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          Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities.

          F Laden, L Neas, D W Dockery … (2000)
          Previously we reported that fine particle mass (particulate matter [less than and equal to] 2.5 microm; PM(2.5)), which is primarily from combustion sources, but not coarse particle mass, which is primarily from crustal sources, was associated with daily mortality in six eastern U.S. cities (1). In this study, we used the elemental composition of size-fractionated particles to identify several distinct source-related fractions of fine particles and examined the association of these fractions with daily mortality in each of the six cities. Using specific rotation factor analysis for each city, we identified a silicon factor classified as soil and crustal material, a lead factor classified as motor vehicle exhaust, a selenium factor representing coal combustion, and up to two additional factors. We extracted daily counts of deaths from National Center for Health Statistics records and estimated city-specific associations of mortality with each source factor by Poisson regression, adjusting for time trends, weather, and the other source factors. Combined effect estimates were calculated as the inverse variance weighted mean of the city-specific estimates. In the combined analysis, a 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5) from mobile sources accounted for a 3.4% increase in daily mortality [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-5.2%], and the equivalent increase in fine particles from coal combustion sources accounted for a 1.1% increase [CI, 0.3-2.0%). PM(2.5) crustal particles were not associated with daily mortality. These results indicate that combustion particles in the fine fraction from mobile and coal combustion sources, but not fine crustal particles, are associated with increased mortality.
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            Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect.

            D W Dockery, C Pope (2006)
            Efforts to understand and mitigate thehealth effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollutionhave a rich and interesting history. This review focuseson six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There hasbeen substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidiity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonaryhealth. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.
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              International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Tenth revision.

              G Brämer (1988)
              The International Classification of Diseases has, under various names, been for many decades the essential tool for national and international comparability in public health. This statistical tool has been customarily revised every 10 years in order to keep up with the advances of medicine. At first intended primarily for the classification of causes of death, its scope has been progressively widening to include coding and tabulation of causes of morbidity as well as medical record indexing and retrieval. The ability to exchange comparable data from region to region and from country to country, to allow comparison from one population to another and to permit study of diseases over long periods, is one of the strengths of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD). WHO has been responsible for the organization, coordination and execution of activities related to ICD since 1948 (Sixth Revision of the ICD) and is now proceeding with the Tenth Revision. For the first time in its history the ICD will be based on an alphanumeric coding scheme and will have to function as a core classification from which a series of modules can be derived, each reaching a different degree of specificity and adapted to a particular specialty or type of user. It is proposed that the chapters on external causes of injury and poisoning, and factors influencing health status and contact with health services, which were supplementary classifications in ICD-9, should form an integral part of ICD-10. The title of ICD has been amended to "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems"', but the abbreviation "ICD" will be retained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
              Article 0 comments Cited 223 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Health Perspect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ. Health Perspect
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EHP
                Title: Environmental Health Perspectives
                Publisher: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 0091-6765
                ISSN (Electronic): 1552-9924
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 March 2012
                Publication date (Print): June 2012
                Volume: 120
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 872-878
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
                [2 ]Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
                [4 ]Seoul Metropolitan Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to M.L. Bell, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven CT 06511 USA. Telephone: (203) 432-9869. Fax: (203) 436-9135. E-mail: michelle.bell@ 123456yale.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: ehp.1104316
                DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104316
                PMC ID: 3385433
                PubMed ID: 22440884
                SO-VID: 15d03657-51d5-4bd0-ba3f-361014dadd28
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2012
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 08 August 2011
                Date accepted : 22 March 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: pm2.5,chemical constituents,mortality,time-series
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: pm2.5, chemical constituents, mortality, time-series

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