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      Ambulatory-Based Standardized Therapy for Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: Experience from Nepal, 2005–2006

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The aim of this study was to describe treatment outcomes for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) outpatients on a standardized regimen in Nepal.

          Methodology

          Data on pulmonary MDR-TB patients enrolled for treatment in the Green Light Committee-approved National Programme between 15 September 2005 and 15 September 2006 were studied. Standardized regimen was used (8Z-Km-Ofx-Eto-Cs/16Z-Ofx-Eto-Cs) for a maximum of 32 months and follow-up was by smear and culture. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) results were not used to modify the treatment regimen. MDR-TB therapy was delivered in outpatient facilities for the whole course of treatment. Multivariable analysis was used to explain bacteriological cure as a function of sex, age, initial body weight, history of previous treatment and the region of report.

          Principal Findings

          In the first 12-months, 175 laboratory-confirmed MDR-TB cases (62% males) had outcomes reported. Most cases had failed a Category 2 first-line regimen (87%) or a Category 1 regimen (6%), 2% were previously untreated contacts of MDR-TB cases and 5% were unspecified. Cure was reported among 70% of patients (range 38%–93% by Region), 8% died, 5% failed treatment, and 17% defaulted. Unfavorable outcomes were not correlated to the number of resistant drugs at baseline DST. Cases who died had a lower mean body weight than those surviving (40.3 kg vs 47.2 kg, p<0.05). Default was significantly higher in two regions [Eastern OR = 6.2; 95%CL2.0-18.9; Far West OR = 5.0; 95%CL1.0-24.3]. At logistic regression, cure was inversely associated with body weight <36 kg [Adj.OR = 0.1; 95%CL0.0-0.3; ref. 55–75 kg] and treatment in the Eastern region [Adj.OR = 0.1; 95%CL0.0-0.4; ref. Central region].

          Conclusions

          The implementation of an ambulatory-based treatment programme for MDR-TB based on a fully standardized regimen can yield high cure rates even in resource-limited settings. The determinants of unfavorable outcome should be investigated thoroughly to maximize likelihood of successful treatment.

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          Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru.

          Flavio Alcantara, Dae-Hyun Kim, Jennifer Furin … (2003)
          Despite the prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in nearly all low-income countries surveyed, effective therapy has been deemed too expensive and considered not to be feasible outside referral centers. We evaluated the results of community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a poor section of Lima, Peru. We describe the first 75 patients to receive ambulatory treatment with individualized regimens for chronic multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in northern Lima. We conducted a retrospective review of the charts of all patients enrolled in the program between August 1, 1996, and February 1, 1999, and identified predictors of poor outcomes. The infecting strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were resistant to a median of six drugs. Among the 66 patients who completed four or more months of therapy, 83 percent (55) were probably cured at the completion of treatment. Five of these 66 patients (8 percent) died while receiving therapy. Only one patient continued to have positive cultures after six months of treatment. All patients in whom treatment failed or who died had extensive bilateral pulmonary disease. In a multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression model, the predictors of the time to treatment failure or death were a low hematocrit (hazard ratio, 4.09; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.35 to 12.36) and a low body-mass index (hazard ratio, 3.23; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 11.53). Inclusion of pyrazinamide and ethambutol in the regimen (when susceptibility was confirmed) was associated with a favorable outcome (hazard ratio for treatment failure or death, 0.30; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.83). Community-based outpatient treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can yield high cure rates even in resource-poor settings. Early initiation of appropriate therapy can preserve susceptibility to first-line drugs and improve treatment outcomes. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance 2002-07: an updated analysis of the Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance.

            Abigail Wright, Matteo Zignol, Armand Van Deun … (2009)
            The Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance has been gathering data since 1994. This study provides the latest data on the extent of drug resistance worldwide. Data for drug susceptibility were gathered from 90 726 patients in 83 countries and territories between 2002 and 2007. Standardised collection of results enabled comparison both between and within countries. Where possible, data for HIV status and resistance to second-line drugs were also obtained. Laboratory data were quality assured by the Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Network. The median prevalence of resistance to any drug in new cases of tuberculosis was 11.1% (IQR 7.0-22.3). The prevalence of multidrug resistance in new tuberculosis cases ranged from 0% in eight countries to 7% in two provinces in China, 11.1% in Northern Mariana Islands (although reporting only two cases), and between 6.8% and 22.3% in nine countries of the former Soviet Union, including 19.4% in Moldova and 22.3% in Baku, Azerbaijan (median for countries surveyed 1.6%, IQR 0.6-3.9). Trend analysis showed that between 1994 and 2007, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in new cases increased substantially in South Korea and in Tomsk Oblast and Orel Oblast, Russia, but was stable in Estonia and Latvia. The prevalence of MDR tuberculosis in all tuberculosis cases decreased in Hong Kong and the USA. 37 countries and territories reported representative data on extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. Five countries, all from the former Soviet Union, reported 25 cases or more of XDR tuberculosis each, with prevalence among MDR-tuberculosis cases ranging between 6.6% and 23.7%. MDR tuberculosis remains a threat to tuberculosis control in provinces in China and countries of the former Soviet Union. Data on drug resistance are unavailable in many countries, especially in Africa, emphasising the need to develop easier methods for surveillance of resistance in tuberculosis. Global Project: United States Agency for International Development and Eli Lilly and Company. Drug resistance surveys: national tuberculosis programmes, the Government of the Netherlands, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Japan International Cooperation Agency, and Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau.
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              Comprehensive treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.

              Molly Franke, S. Shin, Hamish S F Fraser … (2008)
              Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis has been reported in 45 countries, including countries with limited resources and a high burden of tuberculosis. We describe the management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and treatment outcomes among patients who were referred for individualized outpatient therapy in Peru. A total of 810 patients were referred for free individualized therapy, including drug treatment, resective surgery, adverse-event management, and nutritional and psychosocial support. We tested isolates from 651 patients for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and developed regimens that included five or more drugs to which the infecting isolate was not resistant. Of the 651 patients tested, 48 (7.4%) had extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; the remaining 603 patients had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis had undergone more treatment than the other patients (mean [+/-SD] number of regimens, 4.2+/-1.9 vs. 3.2+/-1.6; P<0.001) and had isolates that were resistant to more drugs (number of drugs, 8.4+/-1.1 vs. 5.3+/-1.5; P<0.001). None of the patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis were coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis received daily, supervised therapy with an average of 5.3+/-1.3 drugs, including cycloserine, an injectable drug, and a fluoroquinolone. Twenty-nine of these patients (60.4%) completed treatment or were cured, as compared with 400 patients (66.3%) with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (P=0.36). Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis can be cured in HIV-negative patients through outpatient treatment, even in those who have received multiple prior courses of therapy for tuberculosis. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 December 2009
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e8313
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Tuberculosis Centre (NTC), Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
                [2 ]World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
                [3 ]World Health Organization, Country Office, Kathmandu, Nepal
                [4 ]Kuratorium Tuberkulose in der Welt, Gauting, Germany
                [5 ]German Nepal Tuberculosis Project (GENTUP), Kathmandu, Nepal
                [6 ]Regional Tuberculosis Center, Pokhara, Nepal
                McGill University, Canada
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: PM EEK MA DF KF CG SSJ BM MKP BS SCV MZ. Performed the experiments: PM EEK MA SSJ BM MKP BS SCV. Analyzed the data: PM EEK MA DF KF SSJ BS MZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PM EEK MA DF KF CG SSJ BM MKP BS SCV MZ. Wrote the paper: PM EEK MA DF KF CG SSJ MKP BS SCV MZ. Provided comments to the manuscript and agreed with the final version: BM.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 09-PONE-RA-12651R1
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008313
                PMC ID: 2794372
                PubMed ID: 20041140
                SO-VID: 15d2a574-4281-4c0e-a4ca-ea35dec86da3
                Copyright © Malla et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 3 September 2009
                Date accepted : 23 November 2009
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Infectious Diseases/Antimicrobials and Drug Resistance
                Subject: Public Health and Epidemiology/Global Health
                Subject: Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Respiratory Medicine/Respiratory Infections

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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