A tempestade e a América

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Abstract

O artigo examina como a crítica entendeu, ao longo do tempo, a relação entre A tempestade e a América. Destaca as atitudes cambiantes sobre a peça de William Shakespeare e os habitantes da ilha onde ela se desenrola. Mostra, em especial, como Próspero, de um governante sábio, converte-se num tirano colonialista, ao passo que Caliban, de monstro selvagem, torna-se um símbolo do Terceiro Mundo. Nesse sentido, A tempestade é interpretada como uma rica fonte de metáforas para se pensar a América.

Translated abstract

The article examines how the relationship between The tempest and America was understood throughout history. It emphasizes the changing attitudes towards William Shakespeare´s play and the inhabitants of the island where it takes place. It points out, specially, how Prospero, from a wise ruler becomes a colonialist tyrant, while Caliban, from a savage monster is transformed into a Third World symbol. Thus, The tempest is seen as a rich source of metaphors to think America.

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Most cited references 31

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Physiopathology and etiology of stone formation in the kidney and the urinary tract

Andrew P Evan (2009)

All stones share similar presenting symptoms, and urine supersaturation with respect to the mineral phase of the stone is essential for stone formation. However, recent studies using papillary biopsies of stone formers have provided a view of the histology of renal crystal deposition which suggests that the early sequence of events leading to stone formation differs greatly, depending on the type of stone and on the urine chemistry leading to supersaturation. Three general pathways for kidney stone formation are seen: (1) stones fixed to the surface of a renal papilla at sites of interstitial apatite plaque (termed Randall’s plaque), as seen in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers; (2) stones attached to plugs protruding from the openings of ducts of Bellini, as seen in hyperoxaluria and distal tubular acidosis; and (3) stones forming in free solution in the renal collection system, as in cystinuria. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals in either the interstitial or tubule compartment (and sometimes both) of the renal medulla in stone formers is the rule and has implications for the initial steps of stone formation and the potential for renal injury.