Expression of D 1  and D 2  Dopamine Receptors in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary during the Turkey Reproductive Cycle: Colocalization with Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

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Abstract

The regulation of avian prolactin (PRL) secretion and PRL gene expression is influenced by hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the PRL-releasing factor in avian species. Recent evidence indicates that D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors play a pivotal role in VIP and PRL secretion. The differential expression of DA receptors located on hypothalamic VIP neurons and anterior pituitary cells may affect the degree of prolactinemia observed during the turkey reproductive cycle. The relative expression of D1D and D2 DA receptor subtype mRNA was quantitated using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH). D1D and D2 DA receptor mRNA was found expressed throughout the hypothalamus and pituitary. The expression of D1D DA receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus was found to be 6.8-fold greater than that of D2 DA receptor mRNA. Higher D1D DA receptor mRNA content was found in the anterior hypothalamus (3.6-fold), the ventromedial nucleus (2.0-fold), the infundibular nuclear complex (INF; 1.9-fold), and the medial preoptic nucleus (1.5-fold) of laying hens as compared to that of reproductively quiescent non-photostimulated hens. The levels seen in incubating hyperprolactinemic hens were essentially the same as in laying hens, except for the INF where levels were 52% higher. During the photorefractory stage (hypoprolactinemia), the D1D DA receptor mRNA was at its lowest level in all areas tested. No differences were observed in hypothalamic D2 DA receptor mRNA abundance throughout the reproductive cycle, except for an increase in D2 DA receptor mRNA within the INF of photorefractory hens. Also, a marked reduction in D2 DA receptor mRNA was observed in the pituitary of incubating hens. Pituitary D1D DA receptor levels did not change when birds entered the incubating phase. Double ISH revealed that D1D and D2 DA receptor mRNAs were co-expressed within neurons expressing VIP mRNA, predominantly within the lateral hypothalamus and INF. D1D DA receptor mRNA was more highly expressed than D2 DA receptor mRNA. The present findings clearly demonstrate that the expression of stimulatory D1 DA receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus increases in hyperprolactinemic incubating hens, whereas inhibitory D2 DA receptor mRNA increases in the pituitary of hypoprolactinemic photorefractory hens.

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Neuroendrocrine regulation of prolactin release

N BENJONATHAN, L. Arbogast, J. Hyde (1989)

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Localization of dopamine D1 receptors and dopaminoceptive neurons in the chick forebrain.

Frank Braun, Max Jiang, Joseph M. Metzger … (1997)

The distributions of dopamine D1 receptors, dopaminoceptive neurons, and catecholaminergic fibers were investigated in the forebrain of the domestic chick by using D1 receptor autoradiography and immunohistochemical detection of D1 receptor protein (D1rp), the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein DARPP-32, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Particular attention was paid to two forebrain regions, the mediorostral neostriatum/ hyperstriatum ventrale (MNH) and neostriatum dorsocaudale (Ndc), which have been shown to be crucially involved in filial imprinting. In general, there was a good, but not complete, correlation between the immunohistochemical pattern of DARPP-32 positive perikarya and the distribution of D1 receptors. Both, DARPP-32 positive neurons as well as D1 receptors were highly enriched in the striatal part of the basal ganglia including the lobus parolfactorius (LPO) and paleostriatum augmentatum. High to moderate densities were observed in the outer rind of the pallium. Low to moderate densities were found in the belt regions of primary sensory areas, whereas densities in the respective core regions were generally low. Labeling in the MNH and Ndc was heterogeneous. Whereas the neostriatal part of MNH displayed both, moderate DARPP-32 immunostaining and moderate D1 receptor densities, the hyperstriatal part showed also moderate D1 receptor densities but was only weakly labeled by DARPP-32. The rostral part of the Ndc was among the most intensely DARPP-32 labeled areas of the pallium, its caudal part revealed only moderate DARPP-32 immunostaining. By using D1 receptor autoradiography, a homogeneous labeling throughout the rostrocaudal extension of the Ndc was found. Double-labeling experiments with antibodies to DARPP-32 and TH revealed that TH positive fibers in the MNH, Ndc, and LPO were often closely related to DARPP-32 positive perikarya. At the ultrastructural level, both immunoreaction for D1rp and DARPP-32 in the MNH and Ndc were primarily found to be associated with postsynaptic elements. Whereas D1rp immunoreactivity was enriched at postsynaptic densities or in their vicinity, reaction product for DARPP-32 was present throughout the perikaryal cytoplasm, dendrites, and dendritic spines. These results indicate that DARPP-32 as well as D1 receptors in the avian forebrain reveal a distribution that is substantially similar to that of mammals.

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Neurotransmitter receptors in the avian brain. I. Dopamine receptors.

M.M. Dietl, J.M. Palacios (1988)

The distribution of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors was investigated in the pigeon brain using in vitro receptor autoradiography. D1 receptors were labeled in slide-mounted tissue sections with [3H]SCH 23390. The agonist [3H]CV 205-502 and the antagonist [3H]spiroperidol were used to label D2 receptors. The highest densities of both D1 and D2 receptors were concentrated in the paleostriatum augmentatum, lobus paraolfactorius and olfactory tubercle. D1 receptors were in addition enriched in the entire pigeon telencephalon with exception of the ectostriatum. In contrast, no significant densities of D2 receptors were observed in the pallium. D2 but not D1 receptors were present in the tectum and nucleus pretectalis. The cerebellum presented D1 but not D2 receptors. These results demonstrate that in the avian brain, like in the mammalian one, both dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are concentrated in 'striatal' areas, while the telencephalon is rich in D1 but not D2 receptors.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): NEN

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuroendocrinology

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0028-3835

Title: Neuroendocrinology

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0028-3835

ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0194

Publication date Subscription-year: 2003

Publication date (Print): February 2003

Publication date (Electronic): 10 March 2003

Volume: 77

Issue: 2

Pages: 105-118

Affiliations

^aSchool of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, and ^bDepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., USA

Article

Publisher ID: 68649 Other ID: Neuroendocrinology 2003;77:105–118

DOI: 10.1159/000068649

PubMed ID: 12624532

SO-VID: 15ffd32e-6512-4a22-b9f4-d38e982226ca

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

History

Date received : 10 January 2002

Date accepted : 04 June 2002

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Figures: 10, Tables: 2, References: 70, Pages: 14

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Expression of D ₁ and D ₂ Dopamine Receptors in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary during the Turkey Reproductive Cycle: Colocalization with Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

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Karger: Endocrinology

Most cited references 12

Neuroendrocrine regulation of prolactin release

Localization of dopamine D1 receptors and dopaminoceptive neurons in the chick forebrain.

Neurotransmitter receptors in the avian brain. I. Dopamine receptors.

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