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      Clinic-Integrated Mobile Health Intervention (“JomPrEP” App) to Improve Uptake of HIV Testing and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Malaysia: Protocol for an Intervention Development and Multiphase Trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic in Malaysia and globally. Cross-cutting prevention strategies such as mobile health (mHealth), particularly smartphone apps, hold great promise for HIV prevention efforts among Malaysian MSM, especially when linked to HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

          Objective

          This study aims to adapt an existing app to create and test a clinic-integrated app (JomPrEP), a virtual platform to deliver HIV testing and PrEP services for MSM in Malaysia.

          Methods

          The JomPrEP project involves developing and testing an app-based platform for HIV prevention among Malaysian MSM and will be conducted in 2 phases. In phase I (development phase), we will adapt an existing mHealth app (HealthMindr) to create a new clinic-integrated app called “JomPrEP” to deliver holistic HIV prevention services (eg, HIV testing, PrEP, support services for mental health and substance use) among MSM in Malaysia. During phase II (testing phase), we will use a type I hybrid implementation science trial design to test the efficacy of JomPrEP while gathering information on implementation factors to guide future scale-up in real-world settings.

          Results

          As of September 2022, we have completed phase I of the proposed study. Based on a series of formative work completed during phase I, we developed a fully functional, clinic-integrated JomPrEP app, which provides a virtual platform for MSM in Malaysia to facilitate their engagement in HIV prevention in a fast and convenient manner. Based on participant feedback provided during phase I, we are currently optimizing JomPrEP and the research protocols for a large-scale efficacy trial (phase II), which will commence in January 2023.

          Conclusions

          Scant HIV prevention resources coupled with entrenched stigma, discrimination, and criminalization of same-sex sexual behavior and substance use hamper access to HIV prevention services in Malaysia. If found efficacious, JomPrEP can be easily adapted for a range of health outcomes and health care delivery services for MSM, including adaptation to other low- and middle-income countries.

          Trial Registration

          ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05325476; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05325476

          International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

          DERR1-10.2196/43318

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          Most cited references58

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          Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science

          Background Many interventions found to be effective in health services research studies fail to translate into meaningful patient care outcomes across multiple contexts. Health services researchers recognize the need to evaluate not only summative outcomes but also formative outcomes to assess the extent to which implementation is effective in a specific setting, prolongs sustainability, and promotes dissemination into other settings. Many implementation theories have been published to help promote effective implementation. However, they overlap considerably in the constructs included in individual theories, and a comparison of theories reveals that each is missing important constructs included in other theories. In addition, terminology and definitions are not consistent across theories. We describe the Consolidated Framework For Implementation Research (CFIR) that offers an overarching typology to promote implementation theory development and verification about what works where and why across multiple contexts. Methods We used a snowball sampling approach to identify published theories that were evaluated to identify constructs based on strength of conceptual or empirical support for influence on implementation, consistency in definitions, alignment with our own findings, and potential for measurement. We combined constructs across published theories that had different labels but were redundant or overlapping in definition, and we parsed apart constructs that conflated underlying concepts. Results The CFIR is composed of five major domains: intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of the individuals involved, and the process of implementation. Eight constructs were identified related to the intervention (e.g., evidence strength and quality), four constructs were identified related to outer setting (e.g., patient needs and resources), 12 constructs were identified related to inner setting (e.g., culture, leadership engagement), five constructs were identified related to individual characteristics, and eight constructs were identified related to process (e.g., plan, evaluate, and reflect). We present explicit definitions for each construct. Conclusion The CFIR provides a pragmatic structure for approaching complex, interacting, multi-level, and transient states of constructs in the real world by embracing, consolidating, and unifying key constructs from published implementation theories. It can be used to guide formative evaluations and build the implementation knowledge base across multiple studies and settings.
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            Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection

            K. Burnham (2004)
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              Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact.

              This study proposes methods for blending design components of clinical effectiveness and implementation research. Such blending can provide benefits over pursuing these lines of research independently; for example, more rapid translational gains, more effective implementation strategies, and more useful information for decision makers. This study proposes a "hybrid effectiveness-implementation" typology, describes a rationale for their use, outlines the design decisions that must be faced, and provides several real-world examples. An effectiveness-implementation hybrid design is one that takes a dual focus a priori in assessing clinical effectiveness and implementation. We propose 3 hybrid types: (1) testing effects of a clinical intervention on relevant outcomes while observing and gathering information on implementation; (2) dual testing of clinical and implementation interventions/strategies; and (3) testing of an implementation strategy while observing and gathering information on the clinical intervention's impact on relevant outcomes. The hybrid typology proposed herein must be considered a construct still in evolution. Although traditional clinical effectiveness and implementation trials are likely to remain the most common approach to moving a clinical intervention through from efficacy research to public health impact, judicious use of the proposed hybrid designs could speed the translation of research findings into routine practice.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                JMIR Res Protoc
                JMIR Res Protoc
                ResProt
                JMIR Research Protocols
                JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )
                1929-0748
                December 2022
                21 December 2022
                : 11
                : 12
                : e43318
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Allied Health Sciences University of Connecticut Storrs, CT United States
                [2 ] AIDS Program Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT United States
                [3 ] Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
                [4 ] School of Nursing Yale University West Haven, CT United States
                [5 ] Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta, GA United States
                [6 ] Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA United States
                [7 ] College of Health and Human Services San Diego State University San Diego, CA United States
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Roman Shrestha roman.shrestha@ 123456uconn.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-3101
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7701-9162
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-8230
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-6709
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-9894
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-4450
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7728-0587
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-5413
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4775-7313
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-7421
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7860-693X
                Article
                v11i12e43318
                10.2196/43318
                9813821
                36542425
                16039ab5-f5c3-4325-b2e7-30ff6d5877d2
                ©Roman Shrestha, Jeffrey A Wickersham, Antoine Khati, Iskandar Azwa, Zhao Ni, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Patrick Sean Sullivan, Luzan Jadkarim, William H Eger, Kamal Gautam, Frederick L Altice. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 21.12.2022.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

                History
                : 7 October 2022
                : 16 November 2022
                : 16 November 2022
                : 17 November 2022
                Categories
                Protocol
                Protocol
                Custom metadata
                This paper was peer reviewed by the NCI-J - Center for Scientific Review Special Emphasis Panel - Mobile Health: Technology and Outcomes in Low and Middle Income Countries - (National Institutes of Health, USA). See the Multimedia Appendix for the peer-review report;

                men who have sex with men,mhealth,hiv prevention,pre-exposure prophylaxis,smartphone app,malaysia

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