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      Initiation and Evolution of Plate Tectonics on Earth: Theories and Observations

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      Journal: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust

          Albrecht Hofmann (1988)
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            Rheology of the upper mantle: a synthesis.

            S Karato, P Wu (1993)
            Rheological properties of the upper mantle of the Earth play an important role in the dynamics of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. However, such fundamental issues as the dominant mechanisms of flow have not been well resolved. A synthesis of laboratory studies and geophysical and geological observations shows that transitions between diffusion and dislocation creep likely occur in the Earth's upper mantle. The hot and shallow upper mantle flows by dislocation creep, whereas cold and shallow or deep upper mantle may flow by diffusion creep. When the stress increases, grain size is reduced and the upper mantle near the transition between these two regimes is weakened. Consequently, deformation is localized and the upper mantle is decoupled mechanically near these depths.
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              Sm-Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites

              Stein Jacobsen, G.J. Wasserburg (1980)
              Article 0 comments Cited 425 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 0084-6597
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-4495
                Publication date Created: May 30 2013
                Publication date (Print): May 30 2013
                Volume: 41
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 117-151
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124208
                SO-VID: 1677d0ad-8d67-4277-b326-e7360bb6b662
                Copyright © © 2013
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