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      Factores que influyen en la elección de una carrera en atención primaria entre los estudiantes de medicina en América Central Translated title: Factors influencing the choice of a career in primary care among medical students in Central America

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          RESUMEN

          Objetivos.

          Identificar las especialidades preferidas, la percepción salarial y los factores que influencian la elección de una carrera en atención primaria en los estudiantes de último año de medicina o en servicio social de América Central.

          Métodos.

          Estudio multicéntrico de corte transversal con aplicación de una encuesta que investigó la información demográfica, la especialidad preferida, la percepción salarial y otros factores que influyen en la elección de la especialidad.

          Resultados.

          Participaron 1 722 estudiantes de 31 universidades que identificaron como futuras especialidades: cirugía (11,7%), ginecología/obstetricia (10,3%), pediatría (9,9%) y medicina interna (6,6%). Medicina general alcanzó 3,8% y medicina familiar 1,1%. Al agruparlas el mayor interés fue para las especialidades médicas (49,7%), seguido de las quirúrgicas (31,7%). Atención primaria registró un interés del 17,1%. Las especialidades quirúrgicas fueron percibidas como de mayor ingreso (USD 36 000); atención primaria fue percibida como la de menor ingreso (USD 24 000). El ingreso (23,6%), el trabajo a futuro (19,7%) y “hacer una diferencia en las personas” (8,9%) fueron los principales factores involucrados en la elección. “Trabajar con personas con escaso acceso” se asoció de manera significativa con la preferencia por la atención primaria. La preferencia por otras especialidades fue influenciada por el “prestigio percibido” y “disfrutar la vida” (P < 0,05). La mayoría de los participantes que eligieron la atención primaria provenían de una universidad pública (P < 0,05), lo que pone de relieve el papel de las instituciones estatales de educación superior.

          Conclusiones.

          Existe una combinación de factores facilitadores y de barreras que inciden en el desinterés hacia las carreras de atención primaria. Se requiere de estrategias desde la academia y el sector gubernamental, así como la definición de políticas públicas, que favorezcan la elección de la atención primaria.

          ABSTRACT

          Objectives.

          To identify the preferred specialties, salary perception and other factors that influence the choice of a career in primary care among last-year medical students or social service students in Central America.

          Methods.

          A cross-sectional, multicenter study using a survey that investigated demographic information, preferred specialty, salary perception, and other factors that influence the choice of a specialty.

          Results.

          A total of 1 722 students from 31 universities participated and identified as future specialties: surgery (11.7%), gynecology/obstetrics (10.3%), pediatrics (9.9%) and internal medicine (6.6%). General medicine was preferred by 3.8% and family medicine by 1.1%. On grouping them, the greatest interest was observed for medical specialties (49.7%), followed by surgical specialties (31.7%). Primary care registered an interest of 17.1%. Surgical specialties were perceived as having the highest income (USD 36 000); primary care was perceived as having the lowest income (USD 24 000). Income (23.6%), future work (19.7%) and “making a difference in people” (8.9%) were the main factors involved in the choice. “Working with people with low access” was significantly associated with preference for primary care. Preference for other specialties was influenced by “perceived prestige” and “enjoying life” (P < 0.05). Most participants who chose primary care were studying at a public university (P < 0.05), highlighting the role of public institutions of higher education.

          Conclusions.

          There is a combination of facilitating factors and barriers that affect the low interest in primary care careers. There is a need for strategies from academia and the government sector, as well as the definition of public policies, that support the choice of primary care.

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          Most cited references39

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          Contribution of primary care to health systems and health.

          Evidence of the health-promoting influence of primary care has been accumulating ever since researchers have been able to distinguish primary care from other aspects of the health services delivery system. This evidence shows that primary care helps prevent illness and death, regardless of whether the care is characterized by supply of primary care physicians, a relationship with a source of primary care, or the receipt of important features of primary care. The evidence also shows that primary care (in contrast to specialty care) is associated with a more equitable distribution of health in populations, a finding that holds in both cross-national and within-national studies. The means by which primary care improves health have been identified, thus suggesting ways to improve overall health and reduce differences in health across major population subgroups.
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            Staffing remote rural areas in middle- and low-income countries: A literature review of attraction and retention

            Background Many countries in middle- and low-income countries today suffer from severe staff shortages and/or maldistribution of health personnel which has been aggravated more recently by the disintegration of health systems in low-income countries and by the global policy environment. One of the most damaging effects of severely weakened and under-resourced health systems is the difficulty they face in producing, recruiting, and retaining health professionals, particularly in remote areas. Low wages, poor working conditions, lack of supervision, lack of equipment and infrastructure as well as HIV and AIDS, all contribute to the flight of health care personnel from remote areas. In this global context of accelerating inequities health service policy makers and managers are searching for ways to improve the attraction and retention of staff in remote areas. But the development of appropriate strategies first requires an understanding of the factors which influence decisions to accept and/or stay in a remote post, particularly in the context of mid and low income countries (MLICS), and which strategies to improve attraction and retention are therefore likely to be successful. It is the aim of this review article to explore the links between attraction and retention factors and strategies, with a particular focus on the organisational diversity and location of decision-making. Methods This is a narrative literature review which took an iterative approach to finding relevant literature. It focused on English-language material published between 1997 and 2007. The authors conducted Pubmed searches using a range of different search terms relating to attraction and retention of staff in remote areas. Furthermore, a number of relevant journals as well as unpublished literature were systematically searched. While the initial search included articles from high- middle- and low-income countries, the review focuses on middle- and low-income countries. About 600 papers were initially assessed and 55 eventually included in the review. Results The authors argue that, although factors are multi-facetted and complex, strategies are usually not comprehensive and often limited to addressing a single or limited number of factors. They suggest that because of the complex interaction of factors impacting on attraction and retention, there is a strong argument to be made for bundles of interventions which include attention to living environments, working conditions and environments and development opportunities. They further explore the organisational location of decision-making related to retention issues and suggest that because promising strategies often lie beyond the scope of human resource directorates or ministries of health, planning and decision-making to improve retention requires multi-sectoral collaboration within and beyond government. The paper provides a simple framework for bringing the key decision-makers together to identify factors and develop multi-facetted comprehensive strategies. Conclusion There are no set answers to the problem of attraction and retention. It is only through learning about what works in terms of fit between problem analysis and strategy and effective navigation through the politics of implementation that any headway will be made against the almost universal challenge of staffing health service in remote rural areas.
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              Primary care: a critical review of the evidence on quality and costs of health care.

              Despite contentious debate over the new national health care reform law, there is an emerging consensus that strengthening primary care will improve health outcomes and restrain the growth of health care spending. Policy discussions imply three general definitions of primary care: a specialty of medical providers, a set of functions served by a usual source of care, and an orientation of health systems. We review the empirical evidence linking each definition of primary care to health care quality, outcomes, and costs. The available evidence most directly supports initiatives to increase providers' ability to serve primary care functions and to reorient health systems to emphasize delivery of primary care.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Rev. Panam. Salud Publica
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                28 July 2020
                2020
                : 44
                : e94
                Affiliations
                [1 ] orgnameOrganización Panamericana de la Salud) San Salvado El Salvador originalOrganización Panamericana de la Salud, San Salvador, El Salvador
                [2 ] orgnameUniversidad de El Salvador San Salvador El Salvador originalUniversidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
                [3 ] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras originalUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
                [4 ] orgnameCentro de Desarrollo Estratégico e Información en Salud y Seguridad Social San José Costa Rica originalCentro de Desarrollo Estratégico e Información en Salud y Seguridad Social, San José, Costa Rica
                [5 ] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua Managua Nicaragua originalUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua
                [6 ] orgnameEjercicio Profesional Supervisado Rural Ciudad de Guatemala Guatemala originalEjercicio Profesional Supervisado Rural, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
                [7 ] orgnameOrganización Panamericana de la Salud Managua Nicaragu originalOrganización Panamericana de la Salud, Managua, Nicaraguaxs
                [8 ] orgnameOrganización Panamericana de la Salud San Salvador El Salvador originalOrganización Panamericana de la Salud, San Salvador, El Salvador
                Author notes
                Benjamín Puertas, puertasb@ 123456paho.org

                Conflictos de intereses.

                Ninguno declarado.

                Article
                RPSP.2020.94
                10.26633/RPSP.2020.94
                7384701
                16887406-e7b0-4930-8205-ade01b416c10

                Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO, que permite su uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que el trabajo original se cite de la manera adecuada. No se permiten modificaciones a los artículos ni su uso comercial. Al reproducir un artículo no debe haber ningún indicio de que la OPS o el artículo avalan a una organización o un producto específico. El uso del logo de la OPS no está permitido. Esta leyenda debe conservarse, junto con la URL original del artículo.

                History
                : 08 January 2020
                : 24 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 40
                Categories
                Investigación Original

                atención primaria de salud,especialización,fuerza laboral en salud,américa central,primary health care,specialization,health workforce,central america

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