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      Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system

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          Abstract

          Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods to help prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease and to promote CV health. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises are two types of exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval and types of muscle fibers incorporated. In this article, we aim to further elaborate on these two categories of physical exercise and to help decipher which provides the most effective means of promoting CV health.

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          Physical Activity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease—A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

          Jian Li, Johannes Siegrist (2012)
          In order to update and improve available evidence on associations of physical activity (PA) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) by applying meta-analytic random effects modeling to data from prospective cohort studies, using high quality criteria of study selection, we searched the PubMed database from January 1980 to December 2010 for prospective cohort studies of PA and incident CVD, distinguishing occupational PA and leisure time PA, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, respectively. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed English papers with original data, studies with large sample size (n ≥ 1,000) and substantial follow-up (≥5 years), available data on major confounders and on estimates of relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We included 21 prospective studies in the overall analysis, with a sample size of more than 650,000 adults who were initially free from CVD, and with some 20,000 incident cases documented during follow-up. Among men, RR of overall CVD in the group with the high level of leisure time PA was 0.76 (95% CI 0.70–0.82, p < 0.001), compared to the reference group with low leisure time PA, with obvious dose-response relationship. A similar effect was observed among women (RR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.68–0.78, p < 0.001). A strong protective effect of occupational PA was observed for moderate level in both men (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.97, p = 0.008) and women (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.67–1.03, p = 0.089). No publication bias was observed. Our findings suggest that high level of leisure time PA and moderate level of occupational PA have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular health by reducing the overall risk of incident coronary heart disease and stroke among men and women by 20 to 30 percent and 10 to 20 percent, respectively. This evidence from high quality studies supports efforts of primary and secondary prevention of CVD in economically advanced as well as in rapidly developing countries.
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            Effects of age and aerobic capacity on arterial stiffness in healthy adults.

            P. V. Vaitkevicius, J L Fleg, J. Engel … (1993)
            It has been well established that arterial stiffness, manifest as an increase in arterial pulse wave velocity or late systolic amplification of the carotid artery pressure pulse, increases with age. However, the populations studied in prior investigations were not rigorously screened to exclude clinical hypertension, occult coronary disease, or diabetes. Furthermore, it is unknown whether exercise capacity or chronic physical endurance training affects the age-associated increase in arterial stiffness. Carotid arterial pressure pulse augmentation index (AGI), using applanation tonometry, and aortic pulse wave velocity (APWV) were measured in 146 male and female volunteers 21 to 96 years old from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, who were rigorously screened to exclude clinical and occult cardiovascular disease. Aerobic capacity was determined in all individuals by measurement of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) during treadmill exercise. In this healthy, largely sedentary cohort, the arterial stiffness indexes AGI and APWV increased approximately fivefold and twofold, respectively, across the age span in both men and women, despite only a 14% increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP). These age-associated increases in AGI and APWV were of a similar magnitude to those in prior studies of less rigorously screened populations. Both AGI and APWV varied inversely with VO2max, and this relationship, at least for AGI, was independent of age. In endurance trained male athletes, 54 to 75 years old (VO2max = 44 +/- 3 mL.kg-1.min-1), the arterial stiffness indexes were significantly reduced relative to their sedentary age peers (AGI, 36% lower; APWV, 26% lower) despite similar blood pressures. Even in normotensive, rigorously screened volunteers in whom SBP increased an average of only 14% between ages 20 and 90 years, major age-associated increases of arterial stiffness occur. Higher physical conditioning status, indexed by VO2max, was associated with reduced arterial stiffness, both within this predominantly sedentary population and in endurance trained older men relative to their less active age peers. These findings suggest that interventions to improve aerobic capacity may mitigate the stiffening of the arterial tree that accompanies normative aging.
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              Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health

              W. WHO, WH Organization, 1. World Health Organization … (2010)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Cardiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJC
                Title: World Journal of Cardiology
                Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
                ISSN (Electronic): 1949-8462
                Publication date (Print): 26 February 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 February 2017
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 134-138
                Affiliations
                Harsh Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Brooklyn - School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
                Hassan Alkhawam, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (Elmhurst), Elmhurst, NY 11373, United States
                Raef Madanieh, Niel Shah, Timothy J Vittorio, St. Francis Hospital - the Heart Center ®, Center for Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Roslyn, NY 11576, United States
                Constantine E Kosmas, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital Center, New York, NY 10029, United States
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Patel H and Vittorio TJ conceived with an idea about this work and drafted the outline and main manuscript; Alkhawam H, Madanieh R, Shah N and Kosmas CE were responsible for critically reviewing the manuscript for intellectual content, reviewing of the literatures and editing a draft of the main manuscript.

                Correspondence to: Timothy J Vittorio, MS, MD, St. Francis Hospital - the Heart Center ®, Center for Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, 100 Port Washington Blvd., Roslyn, NY 11576, United States. t_vittorio@ 123456hotmail.com

                Telephone: +1-516-6292166 Fax: +1-516-6292094

                Article
                Other ID: jWJC.v9.i2.pg134
                DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i2.134
                PMC ID: 5329739
                PubMed ID: 28289526
                SO-VID: 168a1f2d-70d6-49b8-9c72-752a38b7b220
                Copyright © ©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 13 September 2016
                Date revision received : 22 November 2016
                Date accepted : 7 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Minireviews

                Keywords: cardiovascular,exercise,training,aerobic,anaerobic
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cardiovascular, exercise, training, aerobic, anaerobic

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