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      Mechanism of interactions between endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury of H9c2 cardiomyocytes

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          Abstract

          Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy are involved in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, their roles in this type of injury remain unclear. The present study investigated the roles of ER stress and autophagy, and their underlying mechanisms, in H9c2 cells during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. The autophagy flux was monitored with mCherry-GFP-LC3-adenovirus transfection. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins and ER stress-related proteins were measured by western blotting. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and western blotting. The results indicated that autophagy was induced, ER stress was activated and apoptosis was promoted in H9c2 cells during H/R injury. The inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyrate or C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-targeting small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased autophagy and ameliorated cell apoptosis during H/R injury. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin attenuated ER stress and ameliorated cell apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or Beclin1-targeting siRNA aggravated ER stress and exacerbated cell apoptosis, and activation of ER stress by thapsigargin decreased autophagy and induced cell apoptosis. Collectively, the findings of the present study demonstrated that H/R induced apoptosis and autophagy via ER stress in H9c2 cells, and that CHOP may serve an important role in ER stress-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy, as an adaptive response, was activated by ER stress and alleviated ER stress-induced cell apoptosis during H/R injury.

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          Most cited references20

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          ER stress-induced cell death mechanisms.

          The endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress response constitutes a cellular process that is triggered by a variety of conditions that disturb folding of proteins in the ER. Eukaryotic cells have developed an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims to clear unfolded proteins and restore ER homeostasis. In cases where ER stress cannot be reversed, cellular functions deteriorate, often leading to cell death. Accumulating evidence implicates ER stress-induced cellular dysfunction and cell death as major contributors to many diseases, making modulators of ER stress pathways potentially attractive targets for therapeutics discovery. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the diversity of molecular mechanisms that govern ER stress signaling in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Section entitled: Cell Death Pathways. © 2013.
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            ER stress: Autophagy induction, inhibition and selection.

            An accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to stress conditions. To mitigate such circumstances, stressed cells activate a homeostatic intracellular signaling network cumulatively called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which orchestrates the recuperation of ER function. Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), an intracellular lysosome-mediated bulk degradation pathway for recycling and eliminating wornout proteins, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles, has also emerged as an essential protective mechanism during ER stress. These 2 systems are dynamically interconnected, and recent investigations have revealed that ER stress can either stimulate or inhibit autophagy. However, the stress-associated molecular cues that control the changeover switch between induction and inhibition of autophagy are largely obscure. This review summarizes the crosstalk between ER stress and autophagy and their signaling networks mainly in mammalian-based systems. Additionally, we highlight current knowledge on selective autophagy and its connection to ER stress.
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              Connecting endoplasmic reticulum stress to autophagy by unfolded protein response and calcium.

              Eukaryotic cells respond to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) either by unfolded protein response that leads to an increase in the capacity of the ER to fold its client proteins or by apoptosis when the function of ER cannot be restored. Emerging data now indicate that ER stress is also a potent inducer of macroautophagy, a process whereby eukaryotic cells recycle their macromolecules and organelles. Depending on the context, autophagy counterbalances ER stress-induced ER expansion, enhances cell survival or commits the cell to non-apoptotic death. Here, we discuss the signaling pathways linking ER stress to autophagy and possibilities for their clinical exploitation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mol Med Rep
                Mol Med Rep
                Molecular Medicine Reports
                D.A. Spandidos
                1791-2997
                1791-3004
                July 2019
                09 May 2019
                09 May 2019
                : 20
                : 1
                : 350-358
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of System Bio-Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
                [3 ]Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
                [4 ]Basic Medical Science College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr Xiang Gu, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, 17 Lufeng Road, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China, E-mail: eagle0094@ 123456163.com
                [*]

                Contributed equally

                Article
                mmr-20-01-0350
                10.3892/mmr.2019.10228
                6580049
                31115545
                16a5c015-58f7-4bb6-9b44-e294656769ce
                Copyright: © Guan et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 10 October 2018
                : 25 April 2019
                Categories
                Articles

                hypoxia/reoxygenation injury,endoplasmic reticulum stress,autophagy,apoptosis,h9c2

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