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      Hipersensibilidade medicamentosa em crianças de idade pré-escolar Translated title: Drug Hypersensitivity In Pre-School Children

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          Abstract

          Introdução: As reações de hipersensibilidade medicamentosa (RHM) são reacções adversas reprodutíveis que se caracterizam por sintomas típicos de alergia que surgem após administração de doses terapêuticas habituais. A sua prevalência em idade pediátrica atinge os 10%. A investigação das RHM inclui a realização de testes cutâneos, pesquisa de imunoglobulinas específicas para os alergénios implicados e provas de provocação. Objectivos: No presente trabalho pretendemos relatar os resultados da investigação de RHM em crianças em idade pré-escolar, observadas na Consulta de Alergia a Fármacos, entre janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2012. Material e Métodos: O estudo incluiu 189 crianças (61% do sexo masculino) cuja primeira RHM ocorreu antes dos seis anos de idade e que realizaram investigação diagnóstica no Serviço durante o período referido. Resultados: Os fármacos suspeitos foram os beta-lactâmicos em 82% casos e os AINEs em 11%. A reacção descrita tinha carácter imediato em 18% dos casos e a maioria das manifestações descritas eram cutâneas (90%). Completaram a investigação 118 doentes (62%) confirmando-se hipersensibilidade a medicamentos em seis doentes (5%). Excluiu-se o diagnóstico em 95% dos casos. Conclusão: Estes resultados demonstram a aplicabilidade e a importância destes procedimentos diagnósticos em crianças em idade pré-escolar.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are reproducible adverse effects of drugs, taken at a normal therapeutic dose, which clinically resemble allergy. The reported prevalence in children is up to 10%. The investigation of these reactions may require skin testing, dosing of drug specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and drug provocation tests. Objective: The aim of this study is to report the results of DHRs workup in pre-school children seen at the drug allergy clinic from January 2007 to December 2012. Material and Methods: This study included 189 children (61% male), which first suspected drug hypersensitivity reaction occurred before the age of six years that were evaluated for DH in the referred time period. Results: Culprit drugs were beta-lactams in 82% of the cases and NSAIDs in 10%. The clinical history was suggestive of an immediate-type reaction in 18% of the cases and the most prevalent manifestations were cutaneous (90%). The workup was completed in 118 patients (62%). Drug Hypersensitivity was confirmed in six patients (5%) and excluded in 95% of the patients who completed the workup, without any serious complications. Conclusion: These results show the applicability and value of this diagnostic approach in pre-school children.

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          Most cited references39

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          International drug monitoring: the role of national centres. Report of a WHO meeting.

          (1971)
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            The economic burden of antibiotic treatment of penicillin-allergic patients in internal medicine wards of a general tertiary care hospital.

            Penicillin allergy poses a major problem in the management of infectious diseases. We estimated the costs and usage of antibiotic treatment of 'penicillin-allergic' patients in comparison to non-allergic patients in a tertiary care hospital. The study was based on the records of 118 randomly chosen in-hospital patients labelled as being 'allergic to penicillin' and who were treated with antibiotics. The antibiotic selection and cost of the patients with alleged penicillin allergy were compared to 118 matched patients without an antibiotic allergy (controls). During in-hospital treatment, the mean antibiotic cost for penicillin-allergic patients was 63% higher than the cost for the controls. In addition, there was a 38% higher cost of the recommended anti-microbial treatment regimen to be followed upon discharge by the former compared to the latter. Penicillin-allergic patients were more likely to receive broader spectrum antibiotics compared to the non-allergic ones. Since many of the patients who are labelled as being 'allergic to penicillin' are, in fact, not allergic to it, inaccurate reporting of penicillin allergies may have costly economic and epidemiologic repercussions in addition to more toxic effects which can occur when choosing alternative drugs in case of penicillin allergy.
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              Results of drug hypersensitivity evaluations in a large group of children and adults.

              Proven IgE or T-cell mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) seem less common in children compared with adults. However, this has never been proved by data. To determine and compare proven DHR prevalence in children and adults. Using the DAHD (Drug Allergy and Hypersensitivity Database) cohort, children with proven DHRs were compared with adults. The international EAACI-ENDA recommendations were followed. Patients were divided into four groups: index reaction and test during childhood (C/C), index reaction at childhood and test at adulthood (C/A), index reactions at childhood and adulthood and test at adulthood (CA/A), index reaction and test at adulthood (A/A). A total of 3275 patients (67.9% female), comprising a total of 4370 patient-episodes, were evaluated (74.5% belonged to the A/A group). Prevalence of positive tests was 15.2% (95%CI, 14.1-16.2) for all tested classes, 10.6% (8.3-13.0) for C/C, 10.6% (7.5-13.6) for C/A, 22.1% (12.8-31.3) for CA/A and 16.5% (15.2-17.8) for A/A. The prevalence was lower in group C/C compared with groups A/A (P < 0.0001) and CA/A (P = 0.003). It was also lower in group C/A compared with the two latter groups (respectively P = 0.003 and P = 0.005). Significant differences were found for maculopapular exanthemas only, and not for urticaria/angiœdema and anaphylaxis. The difference was mainly observed with β-lactams and not for NSAIDs. Suspicions of DHRs are less likely to be confirmed in children. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nas
                Nascer e Crescer
                Nascer e Crescer
                Centro Hospitalar do Porto
                0872-0754
                March 2016
                : 25
                : 1
                : 15-21
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Portugal
                [2 ] Centro Hospitalar do Porto Portugal
                Article
                S0872-07542016000100003
                16a6adb8-73cf-4e4f-a604-70047f241391

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0872-0754&lng=en
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Drug Allergy,Drug Allergy diagnosis,pediatrics,drug provocation tests,Alergia a fármacos,diagnóstico de alergia fármacos,idade pediátrica,provas de provocação

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