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      Caracterización biológica y genética de dos clones pertenecientes a los grupos I y II de Trypanosoma cruzi de Colombia Translated title: Biological and genetic characterization of two Colombian clones of Trypanosoma cruzi groups I and II

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          Abstract

          Introducción. T. cruzi I y T. cruzi II son grupos genéticamente diferentes y se cree que dicha variabilidad es determinante del tropismo tisular en el hospedero vertebrado y responsable de las diversas manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad de Chagas. Objetivo. Caracterizar biológica y genéticamente dos clones colombianos de los grupos T. cruzi I y II en el modelo murino. Materiales y métodos. Las cepas CAS15 y AF1 pertenecientes a los grupos T. cruzi I y II fueron clonadas en medio semisólido. Un clon de cada una de ellas y una mezcla de ambos se utilizaron para infectar ratones, los cuales se sacrificaron a diferentes tiempos post-infección. Para analizar la presencia del parásito en sangre y diferentes órganos, se utilizaron el microhematocrito y la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con los marcadores de la secuencia satélite del ADN nuclear y con el espaciador intergénico del gen mini-exón. Resultados. El clon T. cruzi I fue más infectivo, observándose un tropismo preferencial por corazón, recto y músculo esquelético, mientras que el clon T. cruzi II presentó un tropismo preferencial por bazo e hígado. Durante la infección con la mezcla de los clones, se observó que el clon T. cruzi I predominó sobre el T. cruzi II tanto en sangre como en órganos. Conclusiones. Los resultados confirman que las diferencias genéticas entre los grupos de T. cruzi podrían estar determinando el tropismo tisular y de esta manera jugar un papel fundamental en el entendimiento de las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad de Chagas en Colombia.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction. Genetic differences between T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II may determine differences in their tissue tropism in the vertebrate host and may also be responsible for the differences in clinical manifestations of Chagas disease. Objective. Two Colombian clones of the T. cruzi groups I and II were characterized biologically and genetically in a murine model. Materials and methods. Strains Cas15 and AF1 belonging to the T. cruzi groups I and II were cloned in semisolid medium. A clone of each strain and a mix of both were used to infect mice; the mice were subsequently sacrificed at selected post-infection intervals. In order to identify the parasite presence in blood and organs, two methods were used (a) microhematocrit and (b) polymerase chain reaction with primers for satellite DNA and the intergenic region of mini-exon. Results. The T. cruzi I clone was more infectious, with a preferential tropism observed in heart, rectum and skeletal muscle, whereas clone T. cruzi II exhibited a preferential tropism for spleen and liver. During the infection with the clone mixture a predominance of the T. cruzi I clone over clone II in blood as well as in organs was observed. Conclusions. The results corroborate that the genetic differences between the T. cruzi groups correlate with their tissue tropism, and can play an essential role in explaining the clinical manifestations of Chagas disease observed in Colombia.

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          Most cited references39

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          Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual

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            Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease.

            A. Prata (2001)
            Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. During the past decades, after urban migrations, Chagas disease became frequent in cities and a health problem in non-endemic countries, where it can be transmitted vertically and by blood transfusion or organ transplantation. Microepidemics of acute Chagas disease have been reported, probably due to oral transmission. Heart involvement is the major feature of the disease because of its characteristics, frequency, and consequences, and is also the source of most controversies. The indeterminate clinical form, despite its good prognosis on at least a medium-term basis (5-10 years), has acquired increasing importance due to the controversial meaning of the abnormality of some tests and the myocardial focal lesions found in many patients. Simultaneous evaluation of the parasympathetic and of the sympathetic system in the heart has been done by spectral analysis of heart rate. The physiopathological and clinical significance of denervation in Chagas disease is still incompletely understood. There are major divergences of opinion on specific treatment during the chronic phase because of the doubts about cure rates. Changes of Chagas disease prevalence in many countries have been certified by the Pan American Health Organization, and are ascribed to large-scale vector-control programmes with modern pyrethroid insecticides and to improvement in lifestyle.
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              Chagas disease: current epidemiological trends after the interruption of vectorial and transfusional transmission in the Southern Cone countries

              Chagas disease, named after Carlos Chagas who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent. It is caused by a parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs and by blood transfusion. Chagas disease has two successive phases, acute and chronic. The acute phase lasts 6 to 8 weeks. After several years of starting the chronic phase, 20% to 35% of the infected individuals, depending on the geographical area will develop irreversible lesions of the autonomous nervous system in the heart, esophagus, colon and the peripheral nervous system. Data on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas disease improved in quality during the 1980's as a result of the demographically representative cross-sectional studies carried out in countries where accurate information was not available. A group of experts met in Brasília in 1979 and devised standard protocols to carry out countrywide prevalence studies on human T. cruzi infection and triatomine house infestation. Thanks to a coordinated multi-country program in the Southern Cone countries the transmission of Chagas disease by vectors and by blood transfusion has been interrupted in Uruguay in1997, in Chile in 1999, and in 8 of the 12 endemic states of Brazil in 2000 and so the incidence of new infections by T. cruzi in the whole continent has decreased by 70%. Similar control multi-country initiatives have been launched in the Andean countries and in Central America and rapid progress has been recorded to ensure the interruption of the transmission of Chagas disease by 2005 as requested by a Resolution of the World Health Assembly approved in 1998. The cost-benefit analysis of the investments of the vector control program in Brazil indicate that there are savings of US$17 in medical care and disabilities for each dollar spent on prevention, showing that the program is a health investment with good return. Since the inception in 1979 of the Steering Committee on Chagas Disease of the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases of the World Health Organization (TDR), the objective was set to promote and finance research aimed at the development of new methods and tools to control this disease. The well known research institutions in Latin America were the key elements of a world wide network of laboratories that received - on a competitive basis - financial support for projects in line with the priorities established. It is presented the time line of the different milestones that were answering successively and logically the outstanding scientific questions identified by the Scientific Working Group in 1978 and that influenced the development and industrial production of practical solutions for diagnosis of the infection and disease control.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bio
                Biomédica
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Bogotá )
                0120-4157
                January 2007
                : 27
                : suppl 1
                : 64-74
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S0120-41572007000500007
                16b7a978-f1c1-4d56-868a-84b41cba81bd

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-4157&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Trypanosoma cruzi,Chagas disease,variability (Genetics),tropism,enfermedad de Chagas,variación (Genética),tropismo

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