Factors Influencing the Decision to Proceed to Firmware Upgrades to Implanted Pacemakers for Cybersecurity Risk Mitigation

[1 ]University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (L.A.S.).

[2 ]Cleveland Clinic, OH (N.V.).

[3 ]Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY (L.M.E.).

[4 ]Heritage Valley Health System, Leetsdale, PA (L.I.G.).

[5 ]University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.E.E.).