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      Ferroptosis in Cancer Progression: Role of Noncoding RNAs

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          Abstract

          Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death, and it is characterized by iron-dependent oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species accumulation. Notable studies have revealed that ferroptosis plays vital roles in tumor occurrence and that abundant ferroptosis in cells can inhibit tumor progression. Recently, some noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been shown to be involved in biological processes of ferroptosis, thus affecting cancer growth. However, the definite regulatory mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear. To clarify this issue, increasing studies have focused on the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in the initiation and development of ferroptosis and the role of ferroptosis in progression of various cancers, such as lung, liver, and breast cancers. In this review, we systematically summarized the relationship between ferroptosis-associated ncRNAs and cancer progression. Moreover, additional evidence is needed to identify the role of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in cancer progression. This review will help us to understand the roles of ncRNAs in ferroptosis and cancer progression and may provide new ideas for exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for cancer in the future.

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          Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death.

          Nonapoptotic forms of cell death may facilitate the selective elimination of some tumor cells or be activated in specific pathological states. The oncogenic RAS-selective lethal small molecule erastin triggers a unique iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death that we term ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is dependent upon intracellular iron, but not other metals, and is morphologically, biochemically, and genetically distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. We identify the small molecule ferrostatin-1 as a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis in cancer cells and glutamate-induced cell death in organotypic rat brain slices, suggesting similarities between these two processes. Indeed, erastin, like glutamate, inhibits cystine uptake by the cystine/glutamate antiporter (system x(c)(-)), creating a void in the antioxidant defenses of the cell and ultimately leading to iron-dependent, oxidative death. Thus, activation of ferroptosis results in the nonapoptotic destruction of certain cancer cells, whereas inhibition of this process may protect organisms from neurodegeneration. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Ferroptosis: A Regulated Cell Death Nexus Linking Metabolism, Redox Biology, and Disease

            Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides to lethal levels. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis represents an ancient vulnerability caused by the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into cellular membranes, and cells have developed complex systems that exploit and defend against this vulnerability in different contexts. The sensitivity to ferroptosis is tightly linked to numerous biological processes, including amino acid, iron, and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of glutathione, phospholipids, NADPH, and coenzyme Q10. Ferroptosis has been implicated in the pathological cell death associated with degenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases), carcinogenesis, stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and kidney degeneration in mammals and is also implicated in heat stress in plants. Ferroptosis may also have a tumor-suppressor function that could be harnessed for cancer therapy. This Primer reviews the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, highlights connections to other areas of biology and medicine, and recommends tools and guidelines for studying this emerging form of regulated cell death.
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              Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4.

              Ferroptosis is a form of nonapoptotic cell death for which key regulators remain unknown. We sought a common mediator for the lethality of 12 ferroptosis-inducing small molecules. We used targeted metabolomic profiling to discover that depletion of glutathione causes inactivation of glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) in response to one class of compounds and a chemoproteomics strategy to discover that GPX4 is directly inhibited by a second class of compounds. GPX4 overexpression and knockdown modulated the lethality of 12 ferroptosis inducers, but not of 11 compounds with other lethal mechanisms. In addition, two representative ferroptosis inducers prevented tumor growth in xenograft mouse tumor models. Sensitivity profiling in 177 cancer cell lines revealed that diffuse large B cell lymphomas and renal cell carcinomas are particularly susceptible to GPX4-regulated ferroptosis. Thus, GPX4 is an essential regulator of ferroptotic cancer cell death. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Biol Sci
                Int J Biol Sci
                ijbs
                International Journal of Biological Sciences
                Ivyspring International Publisher (Sydney )
                1449-2288
                2022
                14 February 2022
                : 18
                : 5
                : 1829-1843
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, P.R. China.
                [2 ]Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, Shandong, P.R. China.
                [3 ]Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, P.R. China.
                [4 ]Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266041, Shandong, P.R. China.
                [5 ]Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China.
                [6 ]School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China.
                Author notes
                ✉ Corresponding authors: Yin-Feng Zhang, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-7712, Email address: zhangyinfeng@ 123456qdu.edu.cn ; Hui Xin, Email address: xinhuiqy@ 123456163.com

                *These authors contributed equally.

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

                Article
                ijbsv18p1829
                10.7150/ijbs.66917
                8935228
                35342359
                16cedee2-cac6-481f-b345-e90112e94ec3
                © The author(s)

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.

                History
                : 8 September 2021
                : 16 January 2022
                Categories
                Review

                Life sciences
                ferroptosis,micrornas,long noncoding rnas,circular rnas,cell death
                Life sciences
                ferroptosis, micrornas, long noncoding rnas, circular rnas, cell death

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