19
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Monetary rewards modulate inhibitory control

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The ability to override a dominant response, often referred to as behavioral inhibition, is considered a key element of executive cognition. Poor behavioral inhibition is a defining characteristic of several neurological and psychiatric populations. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the motivational dimension of behavioral inhibition, with some experiments incorporating emotional contingencies in classical inhibitory paradigms such as the Go/NoGo and Stop Signal Tasks (SSTs). Several studies have reported a positive modulatory effect of reward on performance in pathological conditions such as substance abuse, pathological gambling, and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). However, experiments that directly investigate the modulatory effects of reward magnitudes on the performance of inhibitory tasks are scarce and little is known about the finer grained relationship between motivation and inhibitory control. Here we probed the effect of reward magnitude and context on behavioral inhibition with three modified versions of the widely used SST. The pilot study compared inhibition performance during six blocks alternating neutral feedback, low, medium, and high monetary rewards. Study One compared increasing vs. decreasing rewards, with low, high rewards, and neutral feedback; whilst Study Two compared low and high reward magnitudes alone also in an increasing and decreasing reward design. The reward magnitude effect was not demonstrated in the pilot study, probably due to a learning effect induced by practice in this lengthy task. The reward effect per se was weak but the context (order of reward) was clearly suggested in Study One, and was particularly strongly confirmed in study two. In addition, these findings revealed a “kick start effect” over global performance measures. Specifically, there was a long lasting improvement in performance throughout the task when participants received the highest reward magnitudes at the beginning of the protocol. These results demonstrate a dynamical behavioral inhibition capacity in humans, as illustrated by the reward magnitude modulation and initial reward history effects.

          Related collections

          Most cited references64

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala.

          Effective mental functioning requires that cognition be protected from emotional conflict due to interference by task-irrelevant emotionally salient stimuli. The neural mechanisms by which the brain detects and resolves emotional conflict are still largely unknown, however. Drawing on the classic Stroop conflict task, we developed a protocol that allowed us to dissociate the generation and monitoring of emotional conflict from its resolution. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we find that activity in the amygdala and dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices reflects the amount of emotional conflict. By contrast, the resolution of emotional conflict is associated with activation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Activation of the rostral cingulate is predicted by the amount of previous-trial conflict-related neural activity and is accompanied by a simultaneous and correlated reduction of amygdalar activity. These data suggest that emotional conflict is resolved through top-down inhibition of amygdalar activity by the rostral cingulate cortex.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. A proposal.

            A systematic method for clinical description and classification of both normal and abnormal personality variants is proposed based on a general biosocial theory of personality. Three dimensions of personality are defined in terms of the basic stimulus-response characteristics of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. The possible underlying genetic and neuroanatomical bases of observed variation in these dimensions are reviewed and considered in relation to adaptive responses to environmental challenge. The functional interaction of these dimensions leads to integrated patterns of differential response to novelty, punishment, and reward. The possible tridimensional combinations of extreme (high or low) variants on these basic stimulus-response characteristics correspond closely to traditional descriptions of personality disorders. This reconciles dimensional and categorical approaches to personality description. It also implies that the underlying structure of normal adaptive traits is the same as that of maladaptive personality traits, except for schizotypal and paranoid disorders.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Right inferior prefrontal cortex mediates response inhibition while mesial prefrontal cortex is responsible for error detection.

              Inhibitory control and error detection are among the highest evolved human self-monitoring functions. Attempts in functional neuroimaging to effectively isolate inhibitory motor control from other cognitive functions have met with limited success. Different brain regions in inferior, mesial, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and parietal and temporal lobes have been related to inhibitory control in go/no-go and stop tasks. The widespread activation reflects the fact that the designs used so far have comeasured additional noninhibitory cognitive functions such as selective attention, response competition, decision making, target detection, and inhibition failure. Here we use rapid, mixed trial, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to correlate brain activation with an extremely difficult situation of inhibitory control in a challenging stop task that controls for noninhibitory functions. The difficulty of the stop task, requiring withholding of a triggered motor response, was assured by an algorithm that adjusted the task individually so that each subject only succeeded on half of all stop trials, failing on the other half. This design allowed to elegantly separate brain activation related to successful motor response inhibition and to inhibition failure or error detection. Brain activation correlating with successful inhibitory control in 20 healthy volunteers could be isolated in right inferior prefrontal cortex. Failure to inhibit was associated with activation in mesial frontopolar and bilateral inferior parietal cortices, presumably reflecting an attention network for error detection.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front. Hum. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5161
                12 May 2014
                2014
                : 8
                : 257
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Laboratoire ECIPSY - EA 4047, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines Versailles, France
                [2] 2Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario Bogotá, Colombia
                [3] 3Grupo de Investiga, Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad El Bosque Bogotá, Colombia
                [4] 4Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles Versailles, France
                [5] 5Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
                [6] 6Medical Research Council-Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK
                Author notes

                Edited by: Agustin Ibanez, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Argentina

                Reviewed by: Agustin Ibanez, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Argentina; Sina Radke, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany; Angelina Pilatti, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina

                *Correspondence: Paula M. Herrera, EA4047, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Service de Psychiatrie Infanto Juvenile, Hopital Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France e-mail: polatija@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

                Article
                10.3389/fnhum.2014.00257
                4026705
                24860469
                16efedfc-777b-4c1f-9bad-62bcf14857f3
                Copyright © 2014 Herrera, Speranza, Hampshire and Bekinschtein.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 08 October 2013
                : 07 April 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 93, Pages: 14, Words: 12717
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research Article

                Neurosciences
                reward,inhibition (psychology),cognitive control,stop signal task,behavioral analysis

                Comments

                Comment on this article