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      Bodily Sensory Inputs and Anomalous Bodily Experiences in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Sound Feedback

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          Abstract

          Neuroscientific studies have shown that human's mental body representations are not fixed but are constantly updated through sensory feedback, including sound feedback. This suggests potential new therapeutic sensory approaches for patients experiencing body-perception disturbances (BPD). BPD can occur in association with chronic pain, for example in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). BPD often impacts on emotional, social, and motor functioning. Here we present the results from a proof-of-principle pilot study investigating the potential value of using sound feedback for altering BPD and its related emotional state and motor behavior in those with CRPS. We build on previous findings that real-time alteration of the sounds produced by walking can alter healthy people's perception of their own body size, while also resulting in more active gait patterns and a more positive emotional state. In the present study we quantified the emotional state, BPD, pain levels and gait of twelve people with CRPS Type 1, who were exposed to real-time alteration of their walking sounds. Results confirm previous reports of the complexity of the BPD linked to CRPS, as participants could be classified into four BPD subgroups according to how they mentally visualize their body. Further, results suggest that sound feedback may affect the perceived size of the CRPS affected limb and the pain experienced, but that the effects may differ according to the type of BPD. Sound feedback affected CRPS descriptors and other bodily feelings and emotions including feelings of emotional dominance, limb detachment, position awareness, attention and negative feelings toward the limb. Gait also varied with sound feedback, affecting the foot contact time with the ground in a way consistent with experienced changes in body weight. Although, findings from this small pilot study should be interpreted with caution, they suggest potential applications for regenerating BDP and its related bodily feelings in a clinical setting for patients with chronic pain and BPD.

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          Most cited references73

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          The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire.

          A short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) has been developed. The main component of the SF-MPQ consists of 15 descriptors (11 sensory; 4 affective) which are rated on an intensity scale as 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate or 3 = severe. Three pain scores are derived from the sum of the intensity rank values of the words chosen for sensory, affective and total descriptors. The SF-MPQ also includes the Present Pain Intensity (PPI) index of the standard MPQ and a visual analogue scale (VAS). The SF-MPQ scores obtained from patients in post-surgical and obstetrical wards and physiotherapy and dental departments were compared to the scores obtained with the standard MPQ. The correlations were consistently high and significant. The SF-MPQ was also shown to be sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate differences due to treatment at statistical levels comparable to those obtained with the standard form. The SF-MPQ shows promise as a useful tool in situations in which the standard MPQ takes too long to administer, yet qualitative information is desired and the PPI and VAS are inadequate.
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            Computational principles of movement neuroscience.

            Unifying principles of movement have emerged from the computational study of motor control. We review several of these principles and show how they apply to processes such as motor planning, control, estimation, prediction and learning. Our goal is to demonstrate how specific models emerging from the computational approach provide a theoretical framework for movement neuroscience.
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              If I Were You: Perceptual Illusion of Body Swapping

              The concept of an individual swapping his or her body with that of another person has captured the imagination of writers and artists for decades. Although this topic has not been the subject of investigation in science, it exemplifies the fundamental question of why we have an ongoing experience of being located inside our bodies. Here we report a perceptual illusion of body-swapping that addresses directly this issue. Manipulation of the visual perspective, in combination with the receipt of correlated multisensory information from the body was sufficient to trigger the illusion that another person's body or an artificial body was one's own. This effect was so strong that people could experience being in another person's body when facing their own body and shaking hands with it. Our results are of fundamental importance because they identify the perceptual processes that produce the feeling of ownership of one's body.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front. Hum. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5161
                27 July 2017
                2017
                : 11
                : 379
                Affiliations
                [1] 1UCL Interaction Centre, University College London London, United Kingdom
                [2] 2Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía Seville, Spain
                [3] 3Human Neuroscience Lab, Universidad Loyola Andalucía Seville, Spain
                [4] 4Division of Medicine, University College London London, United Kingdom
                [5] 5Rheumatology, Pain & Rehabilitation, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Stanmore, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Edited by: Vittorio Gallese, University of Parma, Italy

                Reviewed by: Matthew R. Longo, Birkbeck University of London, United Kingdom; Anna M. Zamorano, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain—Aalborg University, Denmark

                *Correspondence: Ana Tajadura-Jiménez atajadura@ 123456uloyola.es
                Article
                10.3389/fnhum.2017.00379
                5529353
                28798671
                1712237e-5401-4478-b23e-febb3b5a7a3e
                Copyright © 2017 Tajadura-Jiménez, Cohen and Bianchi-Berthouze.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 24 December 2016
                : 06 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 80, Pages: 16, Words: 12663
                Funding
                Funded by: Economic and Social Research Council 10.13039/501100000269
                Award ID: ES/K001477/1
                Funded by: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad 10.13039/501100003329
                Award ID: RYC-2014-15421
                Award ID: PSI2016-79004-R
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research

                Neurosciences
                body perception,body representation,anomalous bodily experiences,complex regional pain syndrome,action sounds,body-related sensory inputs,multisensory interaction,technologies for self-management

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