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      Do Years of Running Experience Influence the Motivations of Amateur Marathon Athletes?

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          Abstract

          The aim of the study was to investigate if years of running experience influence the motivations of marathon athletes. An empirical study was conducted during the last (20th) PKO Poznan Marathon, one of the largest and most popular mass running events in Poland, which was held in Poznan (Poland) in October 2019. A total of 493 marathon runners (29% of whom were female, and 71% of whom were male) took part in the cross-sectional study, which used the diagnostic survey method. The questionnaire employed the division of motives from the motivation of marathoners scale (MOMS) by Masters et al., adapted to the Polish language by Dybala. Running motivations have already been analysed for variables such as age, gender and place of residence, but there is a research gap regarding existing research, as the relationship between motivations and running experience has not yet been studied. One-way analysis of variance for independent samples was used to verify statistical hypotheses. Prior to making the relevant calculations, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was checked via Levene’s test. Variances were assessed with an F-test, and if they were unequal, Welch’s correction was applied. Eta squared (η 2) was used as a measure of effect size. The calculations carried out showed that running experience was not a statistically significant factor in the motivations of runners taking part in a marathon.

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          Most cited references49

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          Participation and performance trends in ultra-triathlons from 1985 to 2009.

          We examined the changes in participation and performance trends in ultra-triathlons, from the Double Iron (7.6 km swimming, 360 km cycling, 84.4 km running) to the Deca Iron (38 km swimming, 1800 km cycling, 422 km running), between 1985 (first year of a Double Iron) and 2009 (25 years). The mean finish rate for all distances and races was 75.8%. Women accounted for ∼8-10% of the ultra-triathlons starters. For Double and Triple Iron, the number of finishers per year increased, from 17 to 98 and from 7 to 41, respectively. In the Deca Iron, the finishers per race have remained <20 since the first event was held, up to 2009. Concerning World best performances, the men were ∼19% faster than the women in both the Double and Triple Iron, and ∼30% faster in a Deca Iron. With the increasing length of ultra-triathlons, the best women became relatively slower compared with the best men. Further investigations are required to understand why this gender difference in total performance time increased with the distance in ultra-triathlons. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
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            The development of an instrument to measure motivation for marathon running: the Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS).

            This study reports the development of an instrument to assess the motives of marathon runners. The Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS) contains 56 items distributed across nine scales. Content areas covered included health orientation, weight concern, self-esteem, life meaning, psychological coping, affiliation, recognition, competition, and personal goal achievement. Adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha range .80 to .93), retest reliability (intraclass Rs range .71 to .90), and factorial validity of the scales were demonstrated. Assessment of the relationship between individual MOMS scales and other variables of conceptual relevance documents early evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the instrument. Future uses of the MOMS are discussed in light of theoretical, empirical, and practical considerations.
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              Running--an analogue of anorexia?

              We have explored the apparent similarity between patients with anorexia nervosa and a subgroup of male athletes designated as "obligatory runners." Case examples are provided from interviews with more than 60 marathon and trail runners. Obligatory runners resemble anorexic women in terms of family background; socioeconomic class; and such personality characteristics as inhibition of anger, extraordinarily high self-expectations, tolerance of physical discomfort, denial of potentially serious debility, and a tendency toward depression. Anorexic women and members of their families are often compulsively athletic, and obligatory runners may demonstrate a bizarre preoccupation with food and an unusual emphasis on lean body mass. We speculate that both phenomena could represent a partially successful--albeit dangerous--attempt to establish an identity. These preliminary observations will require further study for validation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                16 January 2020
                January 2020
                : 17
                : 2
                : 585
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Sports Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland; zagata.pl@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 ON, Canada; fgravel@ 123456uottawa.ca
                [3 ]Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, 5001 San Sebastian, Spain; patxi.leon@ 123456deusto.es
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7676-1477
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-9128
                Article
                ijerph-17-00585
                10.3390/ijerph17020585
                7013883
                31963263
                17154c25-63f0-410a-b40d-1b91b803daba
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 27 December 2019
                : 15 January 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                running,marathon,motivations,amateur runner,experience
                Public health
                running, marathon, motivations, amateur runner, experience

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