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      Variáveis ruminais, concentração de uréia plasmática e excreções urinárias de nitrogênio em vacas leiteiras alimentadas com concentrado processado de diferentes formas Translated title: Ruminal metabolism, plasma urea concentration, and urinary excretion of nitrogen of dairy cows fed concentrate processed in different forms

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          Abstract

          O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a influência do tipo de processamento do concentrado sobre o pH e a amônia ruminal, a concentração de uréia no plasma e as excreções urinárias de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes relações volumoso:concentrado. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas da raça Holandesa, puras e mestiças, em dois níveis de produção de leite (30 e 20 kg/dia), distribuídas em quatro quadrados latinos (dois para cada nível de produção), com quatro períodos de 15 dias. As dietas experimentais, isoprotéicas, foram constituídas à base de silagem de milho com relações volumoso:concentrado 50:50 e 60:40 na MS, visando produções de 30 e 20 kg de leite/dia, respectivamente. Imediatamente antes e 3 horas após a alimentação matinal, não houve diferenças nos valores de pH e amônia ruminal nos diferentes níveis de produção. Contudo, nas vacas alimentadas com a dieta com concentrado extrusado, a concentração de amônia ruminal foi menor 3 horas após a alimentação. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de uréia plasmática entre os tratamentos e as excreções urinárias de nitrogênio diferiram somente com o concentrado contendo alto teor de energia parcialmente processado.

          Translated abstract

          The objective of this trial was to study the effects of different forms of concentrate processing on ruminal pH and ammonia as well as on plasma concentration of urea. Sixteen dairy cows, pure Holstein and crossbred, were blocked by production level (30.0 and 20.0 kg/day) and randomly assigned to two Latin squares with four periods of 15 days each. Diets were isonitrogenous and contained the following forage (corn silage):concentrate ratios: 50:50 and 60:40 (% of DM) for cows yielding 30.0 and 20.0 kg of milk/day, respectively. Ruminal pH and ammonia (N-NH3) did not differ at 0 h (pre-feeding) and at 3 h after the morning feeding in the different production levels. However, it was observed lower ruminal ammonia concentration at 3 h post-feeding on cows fed diets contained extruded concentrate. Plasma urea did not differ across diets while for urinary excretion of nitrogen a significant difference was observed only for the diet containing the partially processed high-energy concentrate.

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          Nutritional ecology of the ruminant

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            SAEG - sistema de análises estatísticas e genéticas

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              Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants.

              Starch utilization may be markedly enhanced by proper grain processing; however, extent of improvement is primarily dependent upon the ruminant species, grain source and method of processing. Grain processing has less impact on starch digestion by sheep than cattle. The magnitude of improvement is inverse to the starch digestion values for nonprocessed (or minimally processed) grains. Utilization of sorghum grain starch is improved most by extensive processing, and then corn, with little improvement in barley starch digestion. Studies comparing processing effects on barley or wheat starch utilization by cattle were not found. Steam-flaking consistently improves digestibility of starch by cattle fed corn- or sorghum grain-based diets over whole, ground or dry-rolled processes. Other extensive processing methods appear to enhance starch digestibility of corn and sorghum grain to a similar extent as steam-flaking, but comparative data are too limited to quantitate adequately effects of these methods. This improvement in starch utilization appears to be the primary reason for enhanced feed conversion of cattle fed diets high in these processed grains. The major site of cereal grain starch digestion is usually the rumen. Processing increases microbial degradation of starch in the rumen and decreases amounts of starch digested post-ruminally. Rates of in vitro amylolytic attack of starch in cereal grains by both ruminal microbial and pancreatic enzyme sources are improved by processing methods employing proper combinations of moisture, heat and pressure. In vitro and in situ studies suggest that much of the increase in ruminal starch fermentation with steam-flaking is due to changes in starch granular structure, which produces additive effects beyond those of decreasing particle size. Thus, efficiency of ruminal starch fermentation by cattle appears to be improved by proper processing of corn and sorghum grain. Processing and grain source studies both suggest that maximal total tract starch digestibility is positively related to the extent of digestion in the rumen.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                rbz
                Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
                R. Bras. Zootec.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia (Viçosa )
                1806-9290
                June 2006
                : 35
                : 3 suppl
                : 1239-1241
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Viçosa Brazil
                [2 ] Formil Veterinária Ltda
                Article
                S1516-35982006000400039
                10.1590/S1516-35982006000400039
                1717cbd8-5d1e-4110-9ed5-e358ad15efc7

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-3598&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE
                VETERINARY SCIENCES

                Animal agriculture,General veterinary medicine
                bovine,nutrition,ruminant,bovino,nutrição,ruminante
                Animal agriculture, General veterinary medicine
                bovine, nutrition, ruminant, bovino, nutrição, ruminante

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