Saccadic eye movements in Parkinson's disease

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Abstract

This review focuses on saccadic eye movement research in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Results from various studies related to Parkinson disease and saccades have been discussed in terms of various saccadic parameters like latency, amplitude, velocity and gain. Neural circuitry of saccadic eye movements and cognitive processes and it's relation with altered saccadic performance in Parkinson disease has been discussed here. This article also covers various research paradigms commonly used to study saccades. Effects of medication on saccadic parameters in PD patients have also been discussed along with the effects of deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus on saccadic performance in PD patients. Literature review was done using online Pubmed search engine and National Medical Library.

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Most cited references 65

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Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.

Alim L. Benabid (2003)

Deep brain stimulation at high frequency was first used in 1997 to replace thalamotomy in treating the characteristic tremor of Parkinson's disease, and has subsequently been applied to the pallidum and the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamic nucleus is a key node in the functional control of motor activity in the basal ganglia. Its inhibition suppresses symptoms in animal models of Parkinson's disease, and high frequency chronic stimulation does the same in human patients. Acute and long-term results after deep brain stimulation show a dramatic and stable improvement of a patient's clinical condition, which mimics the effects of levodopa treatment. The mechanism of action may involve a functional disruption of the abnormal neural messages associated with the disease. Long-term changes, neural plasticity and neural protection might be induced in the network. Similar effects of stimulation and lesioning have led to the extension of this technique for other targets and diseases.

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The brainstem control of saccadic eye movements.

Eric Sparks (2002)

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Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex.

René Müri, Dan Milea, Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny (2004)

This review focuses on eye movement control by the cerebral cortex, mainly in humans. Data have emerged based on the important contribution of recent techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging, which provide complementary results to those of the classical lesion and electrical stimulation studies. The location of the human frontal eye field and its role in pursuit eye movement control were recently detailed. Cumulative evidence for the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in unwanted reflexive saccade inhibition, short-term spatial memory and prediction suggests that this area controls decisional processes governing ocular motor behaviour. The organization of spatial memory in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (short-term), the parahippocampal cortex (medium-term) and the hippocampal formation (long-term) is also reviewed with the results of recent transcranial magnetic stimulation studies. The relatively complicated anatomy of the posterior parietal cortex in humans is briefly described followed by some additional results concerning the location of the parietal eye field - within the posterior half of the intraparietal sulcus - and its role in visuo-spatial integration and attention. The other areas involved in spatial attention are also examined in the light of several recent contributing reports. Lastly, there are also new functional magnetic resonance imaging findings concerning the posterior cingulate cortex, which appears to be mainly involved in the control of externally guided eye movements and attentional mechanisms. Many new findings on the organization of saccades and pursuit eye movements at the cortical level have recently been reported. Furthermore, eye movements are increasingly used as a tool to elucidate relatively complex neuropsychological processes such as attention, spatial memory, motivation and decisional processes, and a considerable number of reports dealing with these questions have been observed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Ophthalmol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Ophthalmol

Journal ID (publisher-id): IJO

Title: Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )

ISSN (Print): 0301-4738

ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3689

Publication date (Print): May 2014

Volume: 62

Issue: 5

Pages: 538-544

Affiliations

[1]Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

[1 ]Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medicine, RAKMHSU, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE

[2 ]Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Author notes

Corresponding to: Dr. Vinay Goyal, Professor, Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029, India. E-mail: drvinaygoyal@ 123456hotmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: IJO-62-538

DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.133482

PMC ID: 4065501

PubMed ID: 24881597

SO-VID: 172bd5d9-296b-4e19-8d06-d92611649d8c

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Saccadic eye movements in Parkinson's disease

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Abstract

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Karger: Neurology and Neuroscience

Most cited references 65

Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.

The brainstem control of saccadic eye movements.

Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex.

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