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      Fukushima Daiichi–Derived Radionuclides in the Ocean: Transport, Fate, and Impacts

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          Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific

          Nicholas A. Bond, Meghan Cronin, Howard Freeland … (2015)
          Article 0 comments Cited 395 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know.

            D J Brenner, R Doll, D Goodhead … (2011)
            High doses of ionizing radiation clearly produce deleterious consequences in humans, including, but not exclusively, cancer induction. At very low radiation doses the situation is much less clear, but the risks of low-dose radiation are of societal importance in relation to issues as varied as screening tests for cancer, the future of nuclear power, occupational radiation exposure, frequent-flyer risks, manned space exploration, and radiological terrorism. We review the difficulties involved in quantifying the risks of low-dose radiation and address two specific questions. First, what is the lowest dose of x- or gamma-radiation for which good evidence exists of increased cancer risks in humans? The epidemiological data suggest that it is approximately 10-50 mSv for an acute exposure and approximately 50-100 mSv for a protracted exposure. Second, what is the most appropriate way to extrapolate such cancer risk estimates to still lower doses? Given that it is supported by experimentally grounded, quantifiable, biophysical arguments, a linear extrapolation of cancer risks from intermediate to very low doses currently appears to be the most appropriate methodology. This linearity assumption is not necessarily the most conservative approach, and it is likely that it will result in an underestimate of some radiation-induced cancer risks and an overestimate of others.
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              Radiologic and nuclear medicine studies in the United States and worldwide: frequency, radiation dose, and comparison with other radiation sources--1950-2007.

              Mythreyi Bhargavan, B Thomadsen, Bret A Mettler … (2009)
              The U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation each conducted respective assessments of all radiation sources in the United States and worldwide. The goal of this article is to summarize and combine the results of these two publicly available surveys and to compare the results with historical information. In the United States in 2006, about 377 million diagnostic and interventional radiologic examinations and 18 million nuclear medicine examinations were performed. The United States accounts for about 12% of radiologic procedures and about one-half of nuclear medicine procedures performed worldwide. In the United States, the frequency of diagnostic radiologic examinations has increased almost 10-fold (1950-2006). The U.S. per-capita annual effective dose from medical procedures has increased about sixfold (0.5 mSv [1980] to 3.0 mSv [2006]). Worldwide estimates for 2000-2007 indicate that 3.6 billion medical procedures with ionizing radiation (3.1 billion diagnostic radiologic, 0.5 billion dental, and 37 million nuclear medicine examinations) are performed annually. Worldwide, the average annual per-capita effective dose from medicine (about 0.6 mSv of the total 3.0 mSv received from all sources) has approximately doubled in the past 10-15 years. (c) RSNA, 2009.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Marine Science
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 1941-1405
                ISSN (Electronic): 1941-0611
                Publication date Created: January 03 2017
                Publication date (Print): January 03 2017
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 173-203
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060733
                SO-VID: 17312253-b3f6-4312-8049-4fc2ddf62adc
                Copyright © © 2017
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