Paleoenvironment of the Folsom archaeological site, New Mexico, USA, approximately 10,500 ¹⁴C yr B.P. as inferred from the stable isotope composition of fossil land snail shells

Abstract

Well-preserved aragonitic land snail shells ( Vallonia) from late Pleistocene Eolian sediment in the Folsom archaeological site in New Mexico exhibit an overall decrease of δ ¹⁸O _PDB from maximum values of +2.7‰ (more positive than modern) to younger samples with lower average values of about −3.6‰ (within the modern range). The age of the samples (approximately 10,500 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) suggests that the decrease in δ ¹⁸O may manifest climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas. Some combination of increased relative humidity and cooler temperatures with decreased δ ¹⁸O of precipitation during the times of snail activity can explain the decrease in shell δ ¹⁸O. A well-known Paleoindian bison kill occurred at the Folsom site during this inferred environmental transition.

Average δ ¹³C values of the aragonite shells of the fossil Vallonia range from −7.3 to −6.0‰ among different archaeological levels and are not as negative as modern values. This suggests that the proportion of C ₄ vegetation at the Folsom site approximately 10,500 ¹⁴C yr B.P. was greater than at present; a result which is consistent with other evidence for higher proportions of C ₄ plants in the region at that time.