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      Male Predisposition to Severe COVID-19: Review of Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Prospects

      research-article
      Author(s): a , * , a , b , c , d , e
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
      Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.
      Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ADT, Androgen deprivation therapy, WHO, World health organization, JSTOR, Journal storage, ICU, Intensive care unit, TMPRSS2, Transmembrane protein serine 2, E1, Estron, E2, Estradiol, E3, Estriol, ERs, Estrogen receptors, ERα, Estrogen receptor-alpha, ERβ, Estrogen receptor-beta NKCs, Natural killer cells, CXCL8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8, NF-kB, Nuclear factor kappa B, IFN-γ, Interferon-gamma, CCL2, C-C motif ligand 2, TLR7, Toll-like receptor 7, RNA, Ribonucleic acid, mRNA, Messenger RNA, IL-6, Interleukin 6, CXCL-1, C-X-C motif ligand 1, TLR8, Toll-like receptor 8, CD40L, CXCR3, C-X-C motif receptor 3, FcγRIIIA, Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A, ADCC, Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, H3N2, Influenza A virus subtype H3N2, H1N1, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, HCoV-NL63, Human coronavirus NL63, Xp22, Chromosome X band p22, RAS, Renin-angiotensin system, ADAM10, Metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10, ADAM17, Metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17, PDI, Protein disulfide isomerase, ePDI, Extra-endoplasmic reticulum PDI, ROS, Reactive oxygen species, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Estrogen, Androgen, Cytokine storm, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), Inflammation

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          Graphical abstract

          Highlights

          • •

            Effect of sex hormones on COVID-19 outcome bias in males and females.

          • •

            Effect of immunological factors on COVID-19 outcome bias in males and females.

          • •

            Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) system and COVID-19 outcome in males and females.

          • •

            Correlation between smoking and COVID-19 incidence in males and females.

          • •

            Possible therapeutic options for COVID-19.

          Abstract

          The severe form of COVID-19 has significant sex disparities, with high fatalities commonly reported among males than females. The incidence of COVID-19 has also been higher in males compared with their female counterparts. This trend could be attributed to a better responsive and robust immune system in females. Cytokine storm is one of the pathophysiological features of severe COVID-19, and it occurs as a result of over-activation of immune cells leading to severe inflammation and tissue damage. However, it is well modulated in females compared to their male counterparts. Severe inflammation in males is reported to facilitate progression of mild to severe COVID-19. The sex hormones, estrogens and androgens which exist in varying functional levels respectively in females and males are cited as the underlying cause for the differential immune response to COVID-19. Evidence abounds that immune system modulation by estrogen protect females from severe inflammation and for that matter severe COVID-19. On the contrary, androgen has been implicated in over-activation of immune cells, cytokine storm and the attendant severe inflammation, which perhaps predispose males to severe COVID-19. In this review efforts are made to expand understanding and explain the possible roles of the immune system, the sex hormones and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) systems in male bias to severe COVID-19. Also, this review explores possible therapeutic avenues including androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), estrogen-based therapy, and ACE inhibitors for consideration in the fight against COVID-19.

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          Most cited references95

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          Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

          Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)
          In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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            Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area

            Safiya Richardson, Jamie Hirsch, Mangala Narasimhan … (2020)
            There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
            Article 0 comments Cited 4636 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

              Alexandra C Walls, Young-Jun Park, M. Alejandra Tortorici … (2020)
              Summary The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in >90,000 infections and >3,000 deaths. Coronavirus spike (S) glycoproteins promote entry into cells and are the main target of antibodies. We show that SARS-CoV-2 S uses ACE2 to enter cells and that the receptor-binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 S and SARS-CoV S bind with similar affinities to human ACE2, correlating with the efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 among humans. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein harbors a furin cleavage site at the boundary between the S1/S2 subunits, which is processed during biogenesis and sets this virus apart from SARS-CoV and SARS-related CoVs. We determined cryo-EM structures of the SARS-CoV-2 S ectodomain trimer, providing a blueprint for the design of vaccines and inhibitors of viral entry. Finally, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV S murine polyclonal antibodies potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S mediated entry into cells, indicating that cross-neutralizing antibodies targeting conserved S epitopes can be elicited upon vaccination.
              Article 0 comments Cited 4089 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Pharmacother
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed. Pharmacother
                Title: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.
                ISSN (Print): 0753-3322
                ISSN (Electronic): 1950-6007
                Publication date PMC-release: 9 September 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 September 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 110748
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
                [b ]Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
                [c ]Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Allied Health Sciences, Ho, Ghana
                [d ]Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
                [e ]Department of Surgery, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0753-3322(20)30941-0 Publisher ID: 110748
                DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110748
                PMC ID: 7480230
                PubMed ID: 33152916
                SO-VID: 1751e6eb-5b89-48ea-a510-ea0895551eeb
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 6 July 2020
                Date revision received : 4 September 2020
                Date accepted : 7 September 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019,sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,ace, angiotensin-converting enzyme,ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,adt, androgen deprivation therapy,who, world health organization,jstor, journal storage,icu, intensive care unit,tmprss2, transmembrane protein serine 2,e1, estron,e2, estradiol,e3, estriol,ers, estrogen receptors,erα, estrogen receptor-alpha,erβ, estrogen receptor-beta nkcs, natural killer cells,cxcl8, c-x-c motif chemokine ligand 8,nf-kb, nuclear factor kappa b,ifn-γ, interferon-gamma,ccl2, c-c motif ligand 2,tlr7, toll-like receptor 7,rna, ribonucleic acid,mrna, messenger rna,il-6, interleukin 6,cxcl-1, c-x-c motif ligand 1,tlr8, toll-like receptor 8,cd40l, cxcr3, c-x-c motif receptor 3,fcγriiia, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma fc region receptor iii-a,adcc, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity,h3n2, influenza a virus subtype h3n2,h1n1, influenza a virus subtype h1n1,hcov-nl63, human coronavirus nl63,xp22, chromosome x band p22,ras, renin-angiotensin system,adam10, metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10,adam17, metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17,pdi, protein disulfide isomerase,epdi, extra-endoplasmic reticulum pdi,ros, reactive oxygen species,covid-19,sars-cov-2,estrogen,androgen,cytokine storm,angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2),inflammation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019, sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, ace, angiotensin-converting enzyme, ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, adt, androgen deprivation therapy, who, world health organization, jstor, journal storage, icu, intensive care unit, tmprss2, transmembrane protein serine 2, e1, estron, e2, estradiol, e3, estriol, ers, estrogen receptors, erα, estrogen receptor-alpha, erβ, estrogen receptor-beta nkcs, natural killer cells, cxcl8, c-x-c motif chemokine ligand 8, nf-kb, nuclear factor kappa b, ifn-γ, interferon-gamma, ccl2, c-c motif ligand 2, tlr7, toll-like receptor 7, rna, ribonucleic acid, mrna, messenger rna, il-6, interleukin 6, cxcl-1, c-x-c motif ligand 1, tlr8, toll-like receptor 8, cd40l, cxcr3, c-x-c motif receptor 3, fcγriiia, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma fc region receptor iii-a, adcc, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, h3n2, influenza a virus subtype h3n2, h1n1, influenza a virus subtype h1n1, hcov-nl63, human coronavirus nl63, xp22, chromosome x band p22, ras, renin-angiotensin system, adam10, metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10, adam17, metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17, pdi, protein disulfide isomerase, epdi, extra-endoplasmic reticulum pdi, ros, reactive oxygen species, covid-19, sars-cov-2, estrogen, androgen, cytokine storm, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2), inflammation

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